Atmospheric correction and inherent optical property estimation in the southwest New Caledonia lagoon using AVNIR-2 high-resolution data

Hiroshi Murakami; Cécile Dupouy

doi:10.1364/AO.52.000182

Atmospheric correction and inherent optical property estimation in the southwest New Caledonia lagoon using AVNIR-2 high-resolution data

Hiroshi Murakami and Cécile Dupouy

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 2,
pp. 182-198
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.000182

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Hiroshi Murakami and Cécile Dupouy, "Atmospheric correction and inherent optical property estimation in the southwest New Caledonia lagoon using AVNIR-2 high-resolution data," Appl. Opt. 52, 182-198 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Atmospheric and oceanic optics (010.0010)
- Oceanic optics (010.4450)
- Atmospheric correction (010.1285)
- Color (010.1690)
- Passive remote sensing (280.4991)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 27, 2012
- Revised Manuscript: November 19, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: November 19, 2012
- Published: January 7, 2013
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 8, Iss. 2

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Open Access

Abstract

Retrievals of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) were investigated for AVNIR-2 images with 30 m spatial resolution and four bands in the southwest tropical lagoon of New Caledonia. We corrected the atmospheric and sea-surface reflectance iteratively through the retrieval of IOPs. After an additional correction of seafloor reflectance, the estimated IOPs and Chla agreed well with the in situ measurements even in the lagoon areas. This study provides a method to allow a local optimal estimation of IOPs and Chla with a high-resolution sensor by preparing the candidate spectra for the target areas.

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2011 (1)

C. Dupouy, D. Benielli-Gary, J. Neveux, Y. Dandonneau, and T. Westberry, “An algorithm for detecting Trichodesmium surface blooms in the South Western Tropical Pacific,” Biogeosciences 8, 1–17 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (10)

A. Ganachaud, A. Vega, M. Rodier, C. Dupouy, C. Maes, P. Marchesiello, G. Eldin, K. Ridgway, and R. Le Borgne, “Observed impact of upwelling on water properties and biological activity off the southwest coast of New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 449–464 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Neveux, J.-P. Lefebvre, R. Le Gendre, C. Dupouy, F. Gallois, C. Courties, P. Gerard, S. Ouillon, and J. M. Fernandez, “Phytoplankton dynamics in New-Caledonian lagoon during a southeast trade winds event,” J. Mar. Syst. 82, 230–244 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Fichez, S. Chifflet, P. Douillet, P. Gerard, F. Gutierrez, A. Jouon, S. Ouillon, and C. Grenz, “Biogeochemical typology and temporal variability of lagoon waters in a coral reef ecosystem subject to terrigeneous and anthropogenic inputs (New Caledonia),” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 309–322 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. Ouillon, P. Douillet, J. P. Lefebvre, R. Le Gendre, A. Jouon, P. Bonneton, J. M. Fernandez, C. Chevillon, O. Magand, J. Lefevre, P. Le Hir, R. Laganier, F. Dumas, P. Marchesiello, A. Bel Madani, S. Andrefouet, J. Y. Panche, and R. Fichez, “Circulation and suspended sediment transport in a coral reef lagoon: the southwest lagoon of New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 269–296 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. P. Torréton, E. Rochelle-Newall, O. Pringault, S. Jacquet, V. Faure, and E. Briand, “Variability of primary and bacterial production in a coral reef lagoon (New Caledonia),” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 335–348 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. Dupouy, J. Neveux, S. Ouillon, R. Frouin, H. Murakami, S. Hochard, and G. Dirberg, “Inherent optical properties and satellite retrieval of chlorophyll concentration in the lagoon and open ocean waters of New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 503–518 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Minghelli-Roman, C. Dupouy, C. Chevillon, and P. Douillet, “Bathymetry retrieval and sea bed mapping in the lagoon of New Caledonia with MeRIS images,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 78580Y (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Ota, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima, and T. Yokota, “Matrix formulations of radiative transfer including the polarization effect in a coupled atmosphere-ocean system,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111, 878–894 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (5)

Z. P. Lee, “Applying narrowband remote-sensing reflectance models to wideband data,” Appl. Opt. 48, 3177–3183 (2009).
[Crossref]

R. Frouin, P.-Y. Deschamps, and F. Steinmetz, “Environmental effects in ocean color remote sensing,” Proc. SPIE 7459, 745906 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Murakami, T. Tadono, H. Imai, J. Nieke, and M. Shimada, “Improvement of AVNIR-2 radiometric calibration by comparison of cross-calibration and on-board lamp calibration,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 47, 4051–4059 (2009).
[Crossref]

D. Blondeau-Patissier, V. E. Brando, K. Oubelkheir, A. G. Dekker, L. A. Clementson, and P. Daniel, “Bio-optical variability of the absorption and scattering properties of the Queensland inshore and reef waters, Australia,” J. Geophys. Res. 114, C05003 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Neveux, M. M. B. Tenorio, S. Jacquet, J.-P. Torreton, P. Douillet, S. Ouillon, and C. Dupouy, “Chlorophylls and phycoerythrins as markers of environmental forcings including cyclone Erica effect (March 2003) on phytoplankton in the southwest lagoon of New Caledonia and oceanic adjacent area,” Int. J. Oceanogr. 2009, 232513 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (8)

C. Dupouy, A. Minghelli-Roman, M. Despinoy, R. Röttgers, J. Neveux, S. Ouillon, C. Pinazo, and M. Petit, “MODIS/Aqua chlorophyll monitoring of the New Caledonia lagoon: the VALHYBIO project,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715014 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. A. Goodman, Z.-P. Lee, and S. L. Ustin, “Influence of atmospheric and sea-surface corrections on retrieval of bottom depth and reflectance using a semi-analytical model: a case study in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii,” Appl. Opt. 47, F1–F11(2008).
[Crossref]

H. Murakami and R. Frouin, “Correction of sea surface reflection in the coastal area,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715004 (2008).
[Crossref]

R. Fichez, L. Breau, C. Chevillon, S. Chifflet, P. Douillet, V. Faure, J. M. Fernandez, P. Gérard, L. Hédouin, A. Lapetite, S. Ouillon, O. Pringault, and J. P. Torréton, “Origine, transport et devenir des apports naturels et anthropiques dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie,” Journal de la Société des Océanistes 126&127, 41–58 (2008).
[Crossref]

C. Dupouy, D. Benielli-Gary, Y. Dandonneau, J. Neveux, G. Dirberg, and T. Westberry, “On the feasibility of detecting Trichodesmium blooms with SeaWiFS in the South Western Tropical Pacific,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715010 (2008).
[Crossref]

C. Dupouy, J. Neveux, G. Dirberg, M. M. B. Tenorio, R. Rottgers, and S. Ouillon, “Bio-optical properties of marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium, spp.,” J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2, 023503 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Andréfouët, M. J. Costello, M. Rast, and S. Sathyendranath, “Preface: earth observations for marine and coastal biodiversity and ecosystems,” Remote Sens. Environ. 112, 3297–3299 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Ouillon, P. Douillet, A. Petrenko, J. Neveux, C. Dupouy, J.-M. Froidefond, S. Andréfouët, and A. Muñoz-Caravaca, “Optical algorithms at satellite wavelengths for total suspended matter in tropical coastal waters,” Sensors 8, 4165–4185 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

A. Minghelli-Roman, L. Polidori, S. Mathieu-Blanc, L. Loubersac, and F. Cauneau, “Bathymetric estimation using MeRIS images in coastal sea waters,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 4, 274–277 (2007).
[Crossref]

Z. P. Lee, A. Weidemann, J. Kindle, R. Arnone, K. L. Carder, and C. Davis, “Euphotic zone depth: its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, C03009 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (4)

R. Frouin, P.-Y. Deschamps, L. Gross-Colzy, H. Murakami, and T. Y. Nakajima, “Retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration via linear combination of ADEOS-II global imager data,” J. Oceanogr. 62, 331–337 (2006).
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K. Oubelkheir, L. A. Clementson, I. T. Webster, P. W. Ford, A. G. Dekker, L. C. Radke, and P. Daniel, “Using inherent optical properties to investigate biogeochemical dynamics in a tropical macrotidal coastal system,” J. Geophys. Res. 111, C07021 (2006).
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2005 (1)

P. J. Werdell, and S. W. Bailey, “An improved bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation,” Remote Sens. Environ. 98, 122–140 (2005).
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2004 (3)

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2003 (3)

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2001 (3)

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J.-M. Nicolas, P.-Y. Deschamps, and R. Frouin, “Spectral reflectance of oceanic whitecaps in the visible and near infrared: aircraft measurements over open ocean,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4445–4448 (2001).
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2000 (1)

K. D. Moore, K. J. Voss, and H. R. Gordon, “Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6493–6499 (2000).
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1999 (3)

Z.-P. Lee, K. L. Carder, C. D. Mobley, R. G. Steward, and J. S. Patch, “Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters: 2. deriving bottom depths and water properties by optimization,” Appl. Opt. 38, 3831–3843 (1999).
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1997 (2)

R. M. Pope and E. S. Fry, “Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. integrating cavity measurements,” Appl. Opt. 36, 8710–8723 (1997).
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1996 (2)

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Andréfouët, S.

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Arnone, R. A.

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M. Wang and S. W. Bailey, “Correction of sun glint contamination on the SeaWiFS ocean and atmosphere products,” Appl. Opt. 40, 4790–4798 (2001).
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Briand, E.

Bricaud, A.

Brock, J. C.

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Carder, K. L.

J. P. Cannizaro and K. L. Carder, “Estimating chlorophyll a concentrations from remote-sensing reflectance in optically shallow waters,” Remote Sens. Environ. 101, 13–24 (2006).
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C. Dupouy, G. Dirberg, J. Neveux, M. Tenorio, and A. Le Bouteiller, “The contribution of Trichodesmiumto inherent optical properties of a tropical oligotrophic archipelago,” presented at Ocean Optics XVII, Fremantle, Australia, 26 October–3 November 2004.

Dothe, H.

Douillet, P.

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
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Dumas, F.

Dupouy, C.

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
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C. Dupouy and R. Roettgers, “Absorption by different components during a high freshwater event of the 2008 La Nina episode in a tropical lagoon,” presented at Bio-Optics and Biogeochemistry, Ocean Optics XX, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 25–30 September 2010.

C. Dupouy, G. Wattelez, R. Fuchs, J. Lefèvre, M. Mangeas, H. Murakami, and R. Frouin, “The colour of the Coral Sea,” Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 18E–The future of the Coral Sea reefs and sea mounts, Cairns, Australia, 9–13 July 2012, ICRS2012_18E-2.

Eldin, G.

Evans, R. H.

Faure, V.

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
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R. Frouin, P.-Y. Deschamps, and F. Steinmetz, “Environmental effects in ocean color remote sensing,” Proc. SPIE 7459, 745906 (2009).
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H. Murakami and R. Frouin, “Correction of sea surface reflection in the coastal area,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715004 (2008).
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Fry, E. S.

R. M. Pope and E. S. Fry, “Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. integrating cavity measurements,” Appl. Opt. 36, 8710–8723 (1997).
[Crossref]

Fuchs, R.

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
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Ganachaud, A.

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Gérard, P.

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Hochberg, E.

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Hoke, M. L.

Hu, C. M.

Imai, H.

Jacquet, S.

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Jeong, L. S.

Jouon, A.

Jourdain, N. C.

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
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Kawamoto, S.

Kindle, J.

Kou, L.

L. Kou, D. Labrie, and P. Chylek, “Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65–2.5 μm spectral range,” Appl. Opt. 32, 3531–3540 (1993).
[Crossref]

Kuring, N.

Labrie, D.

L. Kou, D. Labrie, and P. Chylek, “Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65–2.5 μm spectral range,” Appl. Opt. 32, 3531–3540 (1993).
[Crossref]

Labs, D.

Laganier, R.

Lantoine, F.

J. Neveux and F. Lantoine, “Spectrofluorometric assay of chlorophylls and pheophytins using the least squares approximation technique,” Deep-Sea Res. Part I 40, 1747–1765 (1993).
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Lee, Z.-P.

Lefebvre, J. P.

Lefebvre, J.-P.

Lefevre, J.

Lefèvre, J.

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
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Leroy, A.

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
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Lucas, Y.

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Mangin, A.

Marchesiello, P.

Marchesiello, P. C.

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
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Maritorena, S.

S. Maritorena, A. Morel, and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic shallow waters: influence of water depth and bottom albedo,” Limnol. Oceanog. 39, 1689–1703 (1994).
[Crossref]

Mathieu-Blanc, S.

Matthew, M. W.

Menkes, C.

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
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Minghelli-Roman, A.

Mobley, C. D.

Moore, K. D.

K. D. Moore, K. J. Voss, and H. R. Gordon, “Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6493–6499 (2000).
[Crossref]

Morel, A.

S. Maritorena, A. Morel, and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic shallow waters: influence of water depth and bottom albedo,” Limnol. Oceanog. 39, 1689–1703 (1994).
[Crossref]

Mukaida, A.

Muller-Karger, F. E.

Munk, W.

C. Cox and W. Munk, “Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun’s glitter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 838–850 (1954).
[Crossref]

Muñoz-Caravaca, A.

Murakami, H.

H. Murakami and R. Frouin, “Correction of sea surface reflection in the coastal area,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715004 (2008).
[Crossref]

Nadeau, D.

Nakajima, T.

Nakajima, T. Y.

Neveux, J.

J. Neveux and F. Lantoine, “Spectrofluorometric assay of chlorophylls and pheophytins using the least squares approximation technique,” Deep-Sea Res. Part I 40, 1747–1765 (1993).
[Crossref]

Nicolas, J.-M.

Nieke, J.

Obolenski, G.

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Ouillon, S.

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Pasterkamp, R.

Patch, J. S.

Peacock, T. G.

Peetermans, W.

Petit, M.

Petrenko, A.

Pinazo, C.

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
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Polidori, L.

Pope, R. M.

R. M. Pope and E. S. Fry, “Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. integrating cavity measurements,” Appl. Opt. 36, 8710–8723 (1997).
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Pringault, O.

Pukall, B.

Purkis, S. J.

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Rochelle-Newall, E.

Rodier, M.

Roettgers, R.

Rottgers, R.

Röttgers, R.

Sathyendranath, S.

Savranski, T.

Schwindling, M.

Shimada, M.

Simon, P. C.

Smith, R. C.

Stamnes, K.

Steinmetz, F.

R. Frouin, P.-Y. Deschamps, and F. Steinmetz, “Environmental effects in ocean color remote sensing,” Proc. SPIE 7459, 745906 (2009).
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Steward, R. G.

Stramski, D.

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Tsay, S.-C.

Tyler, M.

Ustin, S. L.

Vasilkov, A.

Vega, A.

Voss, K. J.

K. D. Moore, K. J. Voss, and H. R. Gordon, “Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6493–6499 (2000).
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Wang, M.

M. Wang and S. W. Bailey, “Correction of sun glint contamination on the SeaWiFS ocean and atmosphere products,” Appl. Opt. 40, 4790–4798 (2001).
[Crossref]

Wattelez, G.

Webster, I. T.

Weidemann, A.

Werdell, P. J.

Westberry, T.

Wiscombe, W.

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Zaneveld, R.

Appl. Opt. (9)

L. Kou, D. Labrie, and P. Chylek, “Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65–2.5 μm spectral range,” Appl. Opt. 32, 3531–3540 (1993).
[Crossref]

R. M. Pope and E. S. Fry, “Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. integrating cavity measurements,” Appl. Opt. 36, 8710–8723 (1997).
[Crossref]

M. Wang and S. W. Bailey, “Correction of sun glint contamination on the SeaWiFS ocean and atmosphere products,” Appl. Opt. 40, 4790–4798 (2001).
[Crossref]

Z. P. Lee, “Applying narrowband remote-sensing reflectance models to wideband data,” Appl. Opt. 48, 3177–3183 (2009).
[Crossref]

Asian Journal of Geoinformatics (1)

Biogeosciences (1)

Coral Reef. (2)

Deep-Sea Res. Part I (1)

J. Neveux and F. Lantoine, “Spectrofluorometric assay of chlorophylls and pheophytins using the least squares approximation technique,” Deep-Sea Res. Part I 40, 1747–1765 (1993).
[Crossref]

Deep-Sea Res. Part II (1)

Geophys. Res. Lett. (1)

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. (3)

Int. J. Oceanogr. (1)

J. Appl. Remote Sens. (1)

J. Geophys. Res. (9)

K. D. Moore, K. J. Voss, and H. R. Gordon, “Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6493–6499 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Mar. Syst. (1)

J. Oceanogr. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

C. Cox and W. Munk, “Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun’s glitter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 838–850 (1954).
[Crossref]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (3)

Journal de la Société des Océanistes (1)

Limnol. Oceanog. (2)

S. Maritorena, A. Morel, and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic shallow waters: influence of water depth and bottom albedo,” Limnol. Oceanog. 39, 1689–1703 (1994).
[Crossref]

Mar. Pollut. Bull. (6)

J. Lefèvre, P. C. Marchesiello, N. C. Jourdain, C. Menkes, and A. Leroy, “Weather regimes and orographic circulation around New Caledonia,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 61, 413–431 (2010).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (7)

R. Fuchs, C. Pinazo, P. Douillet, C. Dupouy, and V. Faure, “New Caledonia Surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator,” Proc. SPIE 7858, 785820 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Murakami and R. Frouin, “Correction of sea surface reflection in the coastal area,” Proc. SPIE 7150, 715004 (2008).
[Crossref]

R. Frouin, P.-Y. Deschamps, and F. Steinmetz, “Environmental effects in ocean color remote sensing,” Proc. SPIE 7459, 745906 (2009).
[Crossref]

Remote Sens. Environ. (4)

J. P. Cannizaro and K. L. Carder, “Estimating chlorophyll a concentrations from remote-sensing reflectance in optically shallow waters,” Remote Sens. Environ. 101, 13–24 (2006).
[Crossref]

Sensors (1)

Sol. Phys. (1)

Other (10)

B. A. Franz, “Methods for assessing the quality and consistency of ocean color products,” http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/REPROCESSING/R2009/validation .

G. C. Feldman, “The OC2 algorithm for MODIS,” Seadas Forum, NASA-GSFC, NASA Ocean Color, 2009 http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/REPROCESSING/R2009/ .

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Fig. 1.

New Caledonia lagoon and in situ observation stations used in this study (B50, B03, B08, GD10, Ile aux Canards, M33, G003, and OC1). The background image is the RGB image of $R_{r s}$ at 652, 560, and 463 nm derived from this study.

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Fig. 2.

Processing flow of the IOP and aerosol correction. The operation starts from the asterisk. (a) First flow produces the $α$ , which is used in (b) the second flow. After $a_{p g 0}$ is converted ( $| a_{p g 0} - a_{p g 0}^{'} | < 0.0001$ , (c) the sea-floor correction is applied.

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Fig. 3.

Relation between Chla and $a_{p g}$ or blue–green $R_{r s}$ ratio ( $\log_{10}$ base) based on NOMAD [55]. $N$ , RMSD, and $r$ indicate sample number, root mean square error of the regression ( $\log_{10}$ scale), and the correlation. a0 and a1 are coefficients of the linear regression, that is, $\log_{10} (C h l a) = 0.9706 + 1.1835 \log_{10} (a_{p g})$ .

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Fig. 4.

Model spectra of $a_{p g}$ and $b_{b p}$ used in this study. Models of $a_{p g}$ (A) and $b_{b p}$ ( $Y = - 1.4$ ) were set from the New Caledonia measurements. $S$ was defined as $a_{d g} = \exp (S \times (λ - 442))$ as in Eq. (12), and $Y$ was defined as $b_{b p} = {(λ / 442)}^{Y}$ in Eq. (13). The spectra for picoplankton (B) and microplankton (C) from [58] were used for comparison. Curves are indicated for different $Y$ slopes for $b_{b p}$ ( $Y = 0$ and $Y = - 2$ , see also Table 4). Bars show standard deviation of the in situ measurements.

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Fig. 5.

Bathymetry in the target area [12]. Deep areas ( $> 60 m$ ) are filled by black.

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Fig. 6.

Examples of AVNIR-2-derived $ρ_{a g w}$ , $ρ_{a g}$ , $α$ , $ρ_{w}$ without bottom correction, and $ρ_{w}$ at 463 nm with bottom correction (a)–(e) for 17 November 2008 and (f)–(j) for 3 September 2009 [using model (A) in Table 4]. The field measurement sites are shown in each panel.

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Fig. 7.

Comparison between AVNIR-2 $R r s$ at 442 nm and MODIS $R r s$ at (a) 443 nm and (b) 555 nm for 44 samples. The markers distinguish between the different observation stations. The horizontal bars show the standard deviation of the multiple MODIS scenes.

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Fig. 8.

AVNIR-2 estimation of (a) $a_{p g}$ at 442 nm and (b) $b_{b p}$ at 555 nm on 3 September 2009 [using model spectra (A) in Table 4 and no correction of the bottom reflection]. (c) and (d) are same as (a) and (b) except applying the correction of the bottom reflection. Markers show in situ observation stations.

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Fig. 9.

Scatter diagrams of (a) AVNIR-2 $a_{p g}$ and in situ $a_{p}$ ( $\times 1.52$ ) at 442 nm, (b) $b_{b p}$ at 555 nm from model (A) in Table 4. (c) and (d) are same as (a) and (b) except applying the correction of the bottom reflection. $N$ , sample number; $r$ , correlation coefficient; bias, bias of AVNIR-2 from in situ; RMSD, root mean square difference; xavg, the average of in situ data (in $m^{- 1}$ ). (e)–(h) are same as (a)–(d) except they are derived from model (D).

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Fig. 10.

Scatter diagrams of in situ Chla and (a) Chla from AVNIR-2 $a_{p g}$ , (b) Chla from AVNIR-2 OC2M-HI, (c) and (d) are same as (a) and (b) except applying the bottom correction, (e) Chla from the MODIS standard OC3M (1 km), and (f) the scatter plot between AVNIR-2 $a_{p g}$ Chla and the MODIS OC3M Chla. Bars show the standard deviation of the multiple MODIS scenes around the AVNIR-2 observation dates or the standard deviation of $3 \times 3$ pixels of AVNIR-2 data. $N$ , show sample number; $r$ , correlation coefficient; bias, bias; RMSD, root mean square difference; xvag, average of $x$ axis variables in $\log_{10}$ scale.

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Fig. 11.

(a), (b), and (e) are Chla from $a_{p g}$ , Chla from OC2M-HI (3 September 2009) and the MODIS standard Chla(average from 3–9 September 2009). (c) and (d) are the same as (a) and (b) except applying the bottom correction. Markers show the in situ observation stations on 9 September 2009.

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Tables (4)

Table 1. Symbols and Definitions

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Table 2. AVNIR-2 Bands, Cross-Cal Coefficients, and Gas Abruption Coefficients

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Table 3. Spectra of $a_{w}$ , $b_{b w}$ , and $a_{p h}$ a

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Table 4. Comparison between in situ and AVNIR-2 IOP Estimates Using Different Sets of IOP Spectraa

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Equations (25)

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ρ_{t} (λ_{b}) = ρ_{r} (λ_{b}) + ρ_{a} (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) + t (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) \times ρ_{g} (λ_{b}) + T (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) \times ρ_{w c} (λ_{b}) + T (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) \times ρ_{w} (λ_{b}),

ρ_{a g w} (λ_{b}) \equiv (ρ_{t} (λ_{b}) - ρ_{r} (λ_{b})) / T (λ_{b}, τ_{a} = 0) = [ρ_{a} (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) / T (λ_{b}, τ_{a} = 0) + t (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) / T (λ_{b}, τ_{a} = 0) \times ρ_{g} (λ_{b}) + T (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) / T (λ_{b}, τ_{a} = 0) \times ρ_{w c} (λ_{b})] + T (λ_{b}, τ_{a}, M) / T (λ_{b}, τ_{a} = 0) \times ρ_{w} (λ_{b}) .

ρ_{a g} (λ_{b}) ≅ ρ_{a g} (821 nm) \times {(λ_{b} \times c_{w l} / 821 nm)}^{α} .

r_{r s} (λ) = g_{1} \times u (λ) + g_{2} \times u {(λ)}^{2},

a (λ) = a_{w} (λ) + a_{p h} (λ) + a_{d} (λ) + a_{g} (λ),

b_{b} (λ) = b_{b w} (λ) + b_{b p} (λ)

u (λ) = b_{b} (λ) / (b_{b} (λ) + a (λ)),

R_{r s} (λ) = 0.52 \times r_{r s} (λ) / (1 - 1.7 \times r_{r s} (λ)) .

ρ_{w} (λ) = π \times R_{r s} (λ) .

a_{d g} (λ_{b}) = a_{d g 0} \times a_{d g} {(λ)}^{'},

b_{b p} (λ_{b}) = b_{b p 0} \times b_{b p} {(λ_{b})}^{'}

a_{d g} {(λ)}^{'} = \exp (S \times (λ - 442)),

b_{b p} {(λ)}^{'} = {(λ / 442)}^{Y},

a_{p g} (λ_{b}) = a_{p g 0} \times a_{p g} {(λ_{b})}^{'} = a_{p g 0} \times {(1 - r_{p g}) \times a_{p h} {(λ_{b})}^{'} + r_{p g} \times a_{d g} {(λ_{b})}^{'}},

ρ_{a g} (λ) = ρ_{a g w} (λ) - ρ_{w} (λ),

α = \log (ρ_{a g} (652 nm) / ρ_{a g} (821 nm)) / \log (652 \times c_{w l} / 821) .

\log_{10} (C h l a) = 0.9706 + 1.1835 \times \log_{10} (a_{p g} (442 nm)),

\log_{10} (C h l a) = 0.1464 - 1.7953 r + 0.9718 r^{2} - 0.8319 r^{3} - 0.8073 r^{4},

r = \log_{10} (R_{r s} (463 nm) / R_{r s} (560 nm)) .

r_{r s} \sim r_{r s}^{d p} \times [1 - \exp {- κ H \times (1 / \cos θ_{0 w} + D_{u}^{C} / \cos θ_{w})}] + ρ_{b} / π \times \exp {- κ H \times (1 / \cos θ_{0 w} + D_{u}^{B} / \cos θ_{w})},

ρ_{t} (b) = L_{avnir 2} (b) / f_{v c} (b) \times π \times d^{2} / F_{0} (b) / \cos (θ_{sun}) / t_{o z} / t_{w v} / t_{O 2},

t_{o z} = \exp (- k_{o z} (b) \times (o z - 343.8) \times p l),

t_{w v} = \exp (- {k_{w v} (b) \times (p t w - 14.19) \times p l + k_{w v 2} (b) \times ({(p t w \times p l)}^{2} - {(14.19 \times p l)}^{2})}),

t_{O 2} = \exp (- k_{O 2} (b) \times (p r s - 1013.25) \times 0.2095 \times p l),

p l = 1 / \cos (θ_{sun}) + 1 / \cos (θ_{sat}) .

Symbol	Description	Unit
Chla	chlorophyll-a concentration (sum of chlorophyll-a and divinyl chlorophyll-a)	mg $m^{- 3}$
$R_{r s}$	remote sensing reflectance above sea surface	${sr}^{- 1}$
$r_{r s}$	remote sensing reflectance just bellow sea surface	${sr}^{- 1}$
$ρ_{t}$	top of atmosphere reflectance	—
$ρ_{r}$	atmospheric molecule reflectance	—
$ρ_{a}$	aerosol reflectance, including aerosol-molecule interaction	—
$ρ_{g}$	sunglint reflectance	—
$ρ_{w c}$	whitecap reflectance	—
$ρ_{w}$	water-leaving reflectance	—
$ρ_{a g}$	$aerosol + sea surface reflectance (\equiv ρ_{a} + ρ_{g} + ρ_{w c})$	—
$ρ_{a g w}$	Rayleigh-scattering subtracted reflectance	—
$t$	atmospheric direct transmittance ( $sun-surface + surface-satellite$ )	—
$T$	$direct + diffuse transmittance$ ( $sun-surface + surface-satellite$ )	—
$τ_{a}$	aerosol optical thickness	—
$M$	aerosol model number	—
$λ_{b}$	center wavelength of sensor spectral band	nm
$α$	power function of spectral slope of $ρ_{a g}$	—
$c_{w l}$	correction factor of spectral slope	—
$p l$	air-mass ( $= 2$ when satellite and sun are both in nadir)	—
$a$	total absorption coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{w}^{'}$	absorption coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p h}$	absorption coefficient of phytoplankton	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{d}$	absorption coefficient of detritus	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{g}$	absorption coefficient of CDOM	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p g}$	absorption coefficient of $particles + CDOM$	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p h}^{'}$	model spectrum of phytoplankton absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$a_{d g 0}$	$detritus + CDOM$ absorption at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$S$	spectral slope of $a_{d g}^{'}$	—
$a_{d g}^{'}$	model spectrum of $detritus + CDOM$ absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$r_{p g}$	ratio of $a_{p h}$ and $a_{d g}$ at 442 nm	—
$a_{p g 0}$	$phytoplankton + detritus + CDOM$ absorption at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p g}^{'}$	model spectrum of $phytoplankton + detritus + CDOM$ absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$b_{b}$	total backscattering coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{w}$	scattering coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b w}$	backscattering coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b p}$	backscattering coefficient of particles	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b p 0}$	particle backscattering at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$Y$	spectral exponent of $b_{b p}^{'}$	—
$b_{b p}^{'}$	model spectrum of particle backscattering normalized at 442 nm	—
$ρ_{b}$	albedo of sea floor	—
$H$	bottom depth	m
$r_{r s}^{d p}$	remote-sensing reflectance for optically deep water	${sr}^{- 1}$
$θ_{0 w}$	subsurface solar zenith angle from nadir	radian
$θ_{w}$	subsurface viewing angle from nadir	radian
$θ_{a}$	above-surface viewing angle from nadir	radian
$κ$	attenuation coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$D_{u}^{C}$	optical path-elongation factors for scattered photons from the water column	—
$D_{u}^{B}$	optical path-elongation factors for scattered photons from the bottom	—
$L_{w n}$	normalized water-leaving radiance	$mW c m^{- 2} {sr}^{- 1} μ m^{- 1}$

AVNIR-2 band number ( $b$ )	1	2	3	4
Center wavelength ( $λ_{b}$ ) [nm]	463.0	560.0	652.1	820.6
Solar irradiance at 1 AU ( $F_{0}$ ) [ $W / m^{2} / μm$ ]	1943.3	1813.7	1562.3	1076.5
Calibration correction coefficients ( $f_{v c}$ )	0.976	1.019	1.001	0.958
Ozone absorption coefficient ( $k_{o z}$ )	$1.314 \times 10^{- 5}$	$1.191 \times 10^{- 4}$	$8.697 \times 10^{- 5}$	$5.461 \times 10^{- 6}$
Water vapor absorption $k_{w v}$	0	$1.763 \times 10^{- 4}$	$2.595 \times 10^{- 4}$	$1.223 \times 10^{- 3}$
Coefficient $k_{w v 2}$	0	0	0	$- 2.580 \times 10^{- 6}$
$O_{2}$ absorption coefficient ( $k_{O_{2}}$ )	0	0	0	$1.352 \times 10^{- 4}$

Central Wavelength (nm)	Band 1 (463.0)	Band 2 (560.0)	Band 3 (652.1)	Band 4 (820.6)	Band A (442)	Band B (555)
$a_{w}$ [53]	0.01085	0.07935	0.37969	3.41656	0.00684	0.05969
$b_{b w}$ [54]	0.00208	0.00091	0.00048	0.00018	0.00246	0.00093
(i) New Caledonia $a_{p h}$	0.84224	0.19490	0.11668	0.0	1.0	0.19869
(ii) Picoplankton $a_{p h}$ [58]	0.80046	0.07025	0.11225	0.0	1.0	0.04378
(iii) Microplankton $a_{p h}$ [58]	0.89368	0.37280	0.37919	0.0	1.0	0.37556

				AVNIR-2 $a_{p g}$ vs. in situ $a_{p}$ at $442 nm \times 1.52$			AVNIR2 vs. in situ $b_{b p}$ at 555 nm
Test No.	$a_{p h}$ Spectrum	$S$	$Y$	$r$	bias	RMSD	$r$	bias	RMSD
Without bottom
(A)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.91	0.188	0.489	0.94	0.023	0.042
(B)	Picoplankton [58]	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.94	0.062	${0.124}^{-}$	0.91	0.010	${0.012}^{-}$
(C)	Microplankton [58]	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.93	0.466	${1.134}^{+}$	0.91	0.056	${0.119}^{+}$
(D)	New Caledonia	$- 0.018$	$- 1.4$	0.94	0.090	${0.191}^{-}$	0.93	0.012	${0.015}^{-}$
(E)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 0.0$	0.94	0.033	${0.098}^{-}$	0.93	0.012	${0.015}^{-}$
(F)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 2.0$	0.91	0.340	${0.909}^{+}$	0.93	0.034	${0.076}^{+}$
With bottom
(A)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.95	0.118	0.290	0.96	0.015	0.025
(B)	Picoplankton [58]	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.80	$- 0.011$	${0.087}^{-}$	0.55	0.002	${0.010}^{-}$
(C)	Microplankton [58]	$- 0.010$	$- 1.4$	0.93	${0.458}^{+}$	${1.132}^{+}$	0.91	0.055	${0.118}^{+}$
(D)	New Caledonia	$- 0.018$	$- 1.4$	0.91	0.016	${0.059}^{-}$	0.75	0.005	${0.009}^{-}$
(E)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 0.0$	0.72	$- 0.020$	${0.098}^{-}$	0.49	0.004	${0.012}^{-}$
(F)	New Caledonia	$- 0.010$	$- 2.0$	0.91	0.315	${0.898}^{+}$	0.93	0.031	${0.074}^{+}$

Symbol	Description	Unit
Chla	chlorophyll-a concentration (sum of chlorophyll-a and divinyl chlorophyll-a)	mg $m^{- 3}$
$R_{r s}$	remote sensing reflectance above sea surface	${sr}^{- 1}$
$r_{r s}$	remote sensing reflectance just bellow sea surface	${sr}^{- 1}$
$ρ_{t}$	top of atmosphere reflectance	—
$ρ_{r}$	atmospheric molecule reflectance	—
$ρ_{a}$	aerosol reflectance, including aerosol-molecule interaction	—
$ρ_{g}$	sunglint reflectance	—
$ρ_{w c}$	whitecap reflectance	—
$ρ_{w}$	water-leaving reflectance	—
$ρ_{a g}$	$aerosol + sea surface reflectance (\equiv ρ_{a} + ρ_{g} + ρ_{w c})$	—
$ρ_{a g w}$	Rayleigh-scattering subtracted reflectance	—
$t$	atmospheric direct transmittance ( $sun-surface + surface-satellite$ )	—
$T$	$direct + diffuse transmittance$ ( $sun-surface + surface-satellite$ )	—
$τ_{a}$	aerosol optical thickness	—
$M$	aerosol model number	—
$λ_{b}$	center wavelength of sensor spectral band	nm
$α$	power function of spectral slope of $ρ_{a g}$	—
$c_{w l}$	correction factor of spectral slope	—
$p l$	air-mass ( $= 2$ when satellite and sun are both in nadir)	—
$a$	total absorption coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{w}^{'}$	absorption coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p h}$	absorption coefficient of phytoplankton	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{d}$	absorption coefficient of detritus	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{g}$	absorption coefficient of CDOM	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p g}$	absorption coefficient of $particles + CDOM$	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p h}^{'}$	model spectrum of phytoplankton absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$a_{d g 0}$	$detritus + CDOM$ absorption at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$S$	spectral slope of $a_{d g}^{'}$	—
$a_{d g}^{'}$	model spectrum of $detritus + CDOM$ absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$r_{p g}$	ratio of $a_{p h}$ and $a_{d g}$ at 442 nm	—
$a_{p g 0}$	$phytoplankton + detritus + CDOM$ absorption at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$a_{p g}^{'}$	model spectrum of $phytoplankton + detritus + CDOM$ absorption normalized at 442 nm	—
$b_{b}$	total backscattering coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{w}$	scattering coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b w}$	backscattering coefficient of water	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b p}$	backscattering coefficient of particles	$m^{- 1}$
$b_{b p 0}$	particle backscattering at 442 nm	$m^{- 1}$
$Y$	spectral exponent of $b_{b p}^{'}$	—
$b_{b p}^{'}$	model spectrum of particle backscattering normalized at 442 nm	—
$ρ_{b}$	albedo of sea floor	—
$H$	bottom depth	m
$r_{r s}^{d p}$	remote-sensing reflectance for optically deep water	${sr}^{- 1}$
$θ_{0 w}$	subsurface solar zenith angle from nadir	radian
$θ_{w}$	subsurface viewing angle from nadir	radian
$θ_{a}$	above-surface viewing angle from nadir	radian
$κ$	attenuation coefficient	$m^{- 1}$
$D_{u}^{C}$	optical path-elongation factors for scattered photons from the water column	—
$D_{u}^{B}$	optical path-elongation factors for scattered photons from the bottom	—
$L_{w n}$	normalized water-leaving radiance	$mW c m^{- 2} {sr}^{- 1} μ m^{- 1}$