Nonintrusive optical measurements of aircraft engine exhaust emissions and comparison with standard intrusive techniques

Klaus Schäfer; Jörg Heland; Dave H. Lister; Chris W. Wilson; Roger J. Howes; Robert S. Falk; Erwin Lindermeir; Manfred Birk; Georg Wagner; Peter Haschberger; Marc Bernard; Olivier Legras; Peter Wiesen; Ralf Kurtenbach; Klaus J. Brockmann; Volker Kriesche; Moira Hilton; Gary Bishop; Roy Clarke; John Workman; Michael Caola; Rachel Geatches; Roger Burrows; John D. Black; Philippe Hervé; Johanna Vally

doi:10.1364/AO.39.000441

Applied Optics
Vol. 39,
Issue 3,
pp. 441-455
(2000)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.000441

Nonintrusive optical measurements of aircraft engine exhaust emissions and comparison with standard intrusive techniques

Klaus Schäfer, Jörg Heland, Dave H. Lister, Chris W. Wilson, Roger J. Howes, Robert S. Falk, Erwin Lindermeir, Manfred Birk, Georg Wagner, Peter Haschberger, Marc Bernard, Olivier Legras, Peter Wiesen, Ralf Kurtenbach, Klaus J. Brockmann, Volker Kriesche, Moira Hilton, Gary Bishop, Roy Clarke, John Workman, Michael Caola, Rachel Geatches, Roger Burrows, John D. Black, Philippe Hervé, and Johanna Vally

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Klaus Schäfer, Jörg Heland, Dave H. Lister, Chris W. Wilson, Roger J. Howes, Robert S. Falk, Erwin Lindermeir, Manfred Birk, Georg Wagner, Peter Haschberger, Marc Bernard, Olivier Legras, Peter Wiesen, Ralf Kurtenbach, Klaus J. Brockmann, Volker Kriesche, Moira Hilton, Gary Bishop, Roy Clarke, John Workman, Michael Caola, Rachel Geatches, Roger Burrows, John D. Black, Philippe Hervé, and Johanna Vally, "Nonintrusive optical measurements of aircraft engine exhaust emissions and comparison with standard intrusive techniques," Appl. Opt. 39, 441-455 (2000)

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Abstract

Nonintrusive systems for the measurement on test rigs of aeroengine exhaust emissions required for engine certification (CO, NO_x, total unburned hydrocarbon, and smoke), together with CO₂ and temperature have been developed. These results have been compared with current certified intrusive measurements on an engine test. A spectroscopic database and data-analysis software has been developed to enable Fourier-transform Infrared measurement of concentrations of molecular species. CO₂, CO, and NO data showed agreement with intrusive techniques of approximately ±30%. A narrow-band spectroscopic device was used to measure CO₂ (with deviations of less than ±10% from the intrusive measurement), whereas laser-induced incandescence was used to measure particles. Future improvements to allow for the commercial use of the nonintrusive systems have been identified and the methods are applicable to any measurement of combustion emissions.

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Parameters and Algorithms	FhG-IFU	DLR	UR	UPX/Auxitrol
No. of coadded interferograms	30–50	30	20–100	30
Noise-equivalent spectral radiance [W/(cm² sr cm^-1)]	InSb, 5.9 × 10^-8 MCT, 3.0 × 10^-7	InSb, 2.7 × 10^-8 MCT, 4.4 × 10^-8	InSb, 1.0 × 10^-6	InSb, ∼1 × 10^-6
Radiance calibration procedure	Flat-plate blackbody at one measurement temperature (200 °C)	Flat-plate blackbody at three temperatures	Flat-plate blackbody at 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 °C	Flat-plate blackbody at three temperatures
Line-by-line algorithm	Voigt line-shape approximationa with molecular line parameters	Voigt line-shape approximation as in fascode (Curtis–Godson)b	Voigt line-shape approximation as in fascode (Curtis–Godson)c	CO₂, analytical Voigt line-shape calculationd ; other, fascode
Plume model	Homogeneous single layer	Gaussian profile	Homogeneous single layer	Gaussian profile with modifications
Spectral region for temperature control	2380–2400 cm^-1 (first step)	2380–2400 cm^-1 (first step)	Approx. 2283 cm^-1 (first step)	2379–2400 cm^-1 (first step)
Spectral region for CO₂ retrieval	2380–2400 cm^-1	2050–2400 cm^-1	2380–2400 cm^-1	2379–2400 cm^-1
Spectral region for CO retrieval	2045–2065 cm^-1 (high concentration) 2170–2190 cm^-1 (low concentration)	2050–2400 cm^-1	2116–2170 cm^-1 (dependent from H₂O interference)	2050–2200 cm^-1
Spectral region for H₂O retrieval	1970–1980 cm^-1	1890–1910 cm^-1	1890–1910 cm^-1	1970–1980 cm^-1
Spectral region for NO retrieval	1890–1910 cm^-1	1870–1940 cm^-1 (together with H₂O)	1790–1950 cm^-1 (together with H₂O)	1898–1904 cm^-1
Spectral region for NO₂ retrieval	1625–1635 cm^-1 1895–1905 cm^-1	1580–1630 cm^-1	1895–1905 cm^-1	Not available
Continuum handling	Yese	No	Nof	No
Retrieval procedure	Least-squares fitting	Nonlinear least-squares fitting (Abel inversion)	Least-squares fitting (Marquardt–Levenberg)	Simplex version

Parameters	Necessary Unapodized Spectral Resolution (cm^-1)	Detection Limita (ppmv)
T	<0.5	–
CO₂	<0.5	100
CO	0.5	5
NO	<0.25	10–15
NO₂	<0.25	5–10
UHC	0.5	Unknown

Parameters and Algorithms	FhG-IFU	DLR	UR	UPX/Auxitrol
No. of coadded interferograms	30–50	30	20–100	30
Noise-equivalent spectral radiance [W/(cm² sr cm^-1)]	InSb, 5.9 × 10^-8 MCT, 3.0 × 10^-7	InSb, 2.7 × 10^-8 MCT, 4.4 × 10^-8	InSb, 1.0 × 10^-6	InSb, ∼1 × 10^-6
Radiance calibration procedure	Flat-plate blackbody at one measurement temperature (200 °C)	Flat-plate blackbody at three temperatures	Flat-plate blackbody at 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 °C	Flat-plate blackbody at three temperatures
Line-by-line algorithm	Voigt line-shape approximationa with molecular line parameters	Voigt line-shape approximation as in fascode (Curtis–Godson)b	Voigt line-shape approximation as in fascode (Curtis–Godson)c	CO₂, analytical Voigt line-shape calculationd ; other, fascode
Plume model	Homogeneous single layer	Gaussian profile	Homogeneous single layer	Gaussian profile with modifications
Spectral region for temperature control	2380–2400 cm^-1 (first step)	2380–2400 cm^-1 (first step)	Approx. 2283 cm^-1 (first step)	2379–2400 cm^-1 (first step)
Spectral region for CO₂ retrieval	2380–2400 cm^-1	2050–2400 cm^-1	2380–2400 cm^-1	2379–2400 cm^-1
Spectral region for CO retrieval	2045–2065 cm^-1 (high concentration) 2170–2190 cm^-1 (low concentration)	2050–2400 cm^-1	2116–2170 cm^-1 (dependent from H₂O interference)	2050–2200 cm^-1
Spectral region for H₂O retrieval	1970–1980 cm^-1	1890–1910 cm^-1	1890–1910 cm^-1	1970–1980 cm^-1
Spectral region for NO retrieval	1890–1910 cm^-1	1870–1940 cm^-1 (together with H₂O)	1790–1950 cm^-1 (together with H₂O)	1898–1904 cm^-1
Spectral region for NO₂ retrieval	1625–1635 cm^-1 1895–1905 cm^-1	1580–1630 cm^-1	1895–1905 cm^-1	Not available
Continuum handling	Yese	No	Nof	No
Retrieval procedure	Least-squares fitting	Nonlinear least-squares fitting (Abel inversion)	Least-squares fitting (Marquardt–Levenberg)	Simplex version

Parameters	Necessary Unapodized Spectral Resolution (cm^-1)	Detection Limita (ppmv)
T	<0.5	–
CO₂	<0.5	100
CO	0.5	5
NO	<0.25	10–15
NO₂	<0.25	5–10
UHC	0.5	Unknown

Abstract

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Applied Optics