Abstract
We report on two-photon fluorescence excitation (TPE) action cross sections for five widely used molecular fluorophores. Measurements were performed by use of ultrashort (∼100-fs) Ti:sapphire pulsed excitation over the range 690–960 nm. TPE spectra were obtained by comparison with a fluorescein calibration standard. Large cross sections were found for the cyanine reagent Cy 3 (∼140 GM) and for Rhodamine 6G (∼150 GM), both at 700 nm [1 GM = 10-50 (cm4 s)/photon]. Several fluorophores show interesting and desirable blue shifts with respect to twice the one-photon absorption wavelength. Fluorophore fluorescence intensities showed no significant departure (±4%) from quadratic illumination power dependence, indicating genuine two-photon processes. Implications of these measurements for two-photon laser-scanning microscopy are discussed.
© 1998 Optical Society of America
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