Compliance of Si photodiodes with Talbot's law

J. Priu; W. Budde

doi:10.1364/AO.20.002676

Applied Optics
Vol. 20,
Issue 15,
pp. 2676-2682
(1981)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.20.002676

Compliance of Si photodiodes with Talbot's law

J. Priu and W. Budde

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J. Priu and W. Budde, "Compliance of Si photodiodes with Talbot's law," Appl. Opt. 20, 2676-2682 (1981)

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Abstract

For accurate measurements of chopped radiation, it is important that the photoelectric instrumentation complies with Talbot's law, that is, measures the time average. Two different photoelectric measuring systems were investigated for their compliance with Talbot's law: (1) Si photodiode with an integrating digital voltmeter (IDVM) system, and (2) Si photodiode with a lock-in amplifier. The test consisted in comparing values predicted from the amplitude and the duty factor of the chopper with values measured by both systems. It was found that the IDVM system showed satisfactory compliance with Talbot's law, whereas the lock-in system did not. However, a Fourier analysis of the signal wave shape produced correction factors for the lock-in system data which then yielded satisfactory compliance with Talbot's law.

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β	d=0.50	0.48	0.46	0.44	0.42	0.40
0.0	0.55534	0.53315	0.51093	0.48871	0.46650	0.44429
2.0	0.55353	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
4.0	0.55169	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
6.0	0.54986	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
8.0	0.54791	0.53325	0.51084	0.48878	0.46647	0.44429
10.0	0.54619	0.53307	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
12.0	0.54435	0.53278	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
14.0	0.54252	0.53223	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
16.0	0.54068	0.53146	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
18.0	0.53885	0.53052	0.51090	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
20.0	0.53701	0.52942	0.51078	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
22.0	0.53518	0.52822	0.51055	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
24.0	0.53469	0.52771	0.50978	0.48744	0.46542	0.44429
26.0	0.53151	0.52554	0.50971	0.48869	0.46650	0.44429
28.0	0.52967	0.52411	0.50910	0.48862	0.46650	0.44429
30.0	0.52784	0.52263	0.50838	0.48849	0.46650	0.44429
32.0	0.52600	0.52111	0.50757	0.48828	0.46650	0.44429
34.0	0.52417	0.51955	0.50666	0.48799	0.46648	0.44429
36.0	0.52233	0.51796	0.50567	0.48761	0.46643	0.44429
38.0	0.52050	0.51635	0.50461	0.48714	0.46634	0.44429
40.0	0.51588	0.51237	0.50230	0.48695	0.46797	0.44693
42.0	0.51683	0.51306	0.50230	0.48597	0.46600	0.44427
44.0	0.51499	0.51140	0.50107	0.48527	0.46574	0.44423
46.0	0.51316	0.50972	0.49979	0.48450	0.46541	0.44416
48.0	0.51132	0.50802	0.49847	0.48367	0.46502	0.44406
50.0	0.50949	0.50632	0.49712	0.48278	0.46457	0.44391

1	2	3	4	5	6
A (f = 0 Hz)	f	A·d	S₁ IDVM signal	S₂ Lock–in signal	$\frac{S_{2} \cdot d}{F}$
Volt	Hz	Volt	Volt	Volt	Volt
0.4007	10	0.2004	0.2004	0.2127	0.2001
0.4009	20	0.2004	0.2005	0.2130	0.2004
0.4003	50	0.2002	0.2002	0.2130	0.2004
0.4003	100	0.2002	0.2002	0.2129	0.2003
0.4000	150	0.2000	0.2002	0.2128	0.2002
0.4000	200	0.2000	0.2000	0.2125	0.1999
0.3999	240	0.2000	0.1999	0.2122	0.1996

1	2	3	4	5	6
IDVM signal V	Duty angle (ms)	Period (ms)	Duty factor d	Normalized signal V_n	Ratio V_n/d
5.131	–		1.0000	1.0000	1.0000
2.552	3.186	6.416	0.4966	0.4974	1.0016
2.308	2.886	6.415	0.4499	0.4498	0.9998
2.056	2.567	6.416	0.4001	0.4007	1.0015
1.801	2.249	6.415	0.3506	0.3510	1.0011
1.542	1.923	6.416	0.2997	0.3005	1.0027
1.284	1.602	6.415	0.2497	0.2502	1.0020
1.028	1.280	6.416	0.1995	0.2004	1.0045
0.771	0.960	6.415	0.1496	0.1503	1.0047
0.519	0.644	6.415	0.1004	0.1011	0.997
0.262	0.322	6.416	0.0502	0.0511	1.018

1	2	3	4	5
Duty factor	Normalized d.–f.	Normalized signal	Normalized F-values F(d,10°)	Ratio S/F
d	d_n	s
0.4965	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000
0.4500	0.9063	0.9245	0.9261	0.9982
0.4000	0.8056	0.8232	0.8232	1.0000
0.3499	0.7047	0.7199	0.7201	0.9997
0.3001	0.6044	0.6176	0.6176	1.0000
0.2501	0.5037	0.5149	0.5147	1.0004
0.1998	0.4024	0.4124	0.4115	1.0028
0.1500	0.3021	0.3098	0.3087	1.0034
0.0999	0.2012	0.2072	0.2056	1.0076
0.0505	0.1017	0.1049	0.1039	1.0091

β	d=0.50	0.48	0.46	0.44	0.42	0.40
0.0	0.55534	0.53315	0.51093	0.48871	0.46650	0.44429
2.0	0.55353	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
4.0	0.55169	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
6.0	0.54986	0.53315	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
8.0	0.54791	0.53325	0.51084	0.48878	0.46647	0.44429
10.0	0.54619	0.53307	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
12.0	0.54435	0.53278	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
14.0	0.54252	0.53223	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
16.0	0.54068	0.53146	0.51093	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
18.0	0.53885	0.53052	0.51090	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
20.0	0.53701	0.52942	0.51078	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
22.0	0.53518	0.52822	0.51055	0.48872	0.46650	0.44429
24.0	0.53469	0.52771	0.50978	0.48744	0.46542	0.44429
26.0	0.53151	0.52554	0.50971	0.48869	0.46650	0.44429
28.0	0.52967	0.52411	0.50910	0.48862	0.46650	0.44429
30.0	0.52784	0.52263	0.50838	0.48849	0.46650	0.44429
32.0	0.52600	0.52111	0.50757	0.48828	0.46650	0.44429
34.0	0.52417	0.51955	0.50666	0.48799	0.46648	0.44429
36.0	0.52233	0.51796	0.50567	0.48761	0.46643	0.44429
38.0	0.52050	0.51635	0.50461	0.48714	0.46634	0.44429
40.0	0.51588	0.51237	0.50230	0.48695	0.46797	0.44693
42.0	0.51683	0.51306	0.50230	0.48597	0.46600	0.44427
44.0	0.51499	0.51140	0.50107	0.48527	0.46574	0.44423
46.0	0.51316	0.50972	0.49979	0.48450	0.46541	0.44416
48.0	0.51132	0.50802	0.49847	0.48367	0.46502	0.44406
50.0	0.50949	0.50632	0.49712	0.48278	0.46457	0.44391

Abstract

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Figures (4)

Tables (4)

Equations (15)

Applied Optics