Multilayer graphene-based metasurfaces: robust design method for extremely broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive terahertz absorbers

Mahdi Rahmanzadeh; Hamid Rajabalipanah; Ali Abdolali

doi:10.1364/AO.57.000959

Applied Optics
Vol. 57,
Issue 4,
pp. 959-968
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.000959

Multilayer graphene-based metasurfaces: robust design method for extremely broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive terahertz absorbers

Mahdi Rahmanzadeh, Hamid Rajabalipanah, and Ali Abdolali

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Mahdi Rahmanzadeh, Hamid Rajabalipanah, and Ali Abdolali, "Multilayer graphene-based metasurfaces: robust design method for extremely broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive terahertz absorbers," Appl. Opt. 57, 959-968 (2018)

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Abstract

In this study, by using an equivalent circuit method, a polarization-insensitive terahertz (THz) absorber based on multilayer graphene-based metasurfaces (MGBMs) is systematically designed, providing an extremely broad absorption bandwidth (BW). The proposed absorber is a compact, three-layer structure, comprising square-, cross-, and circular-shaped graphene metasurfaces embedded between three separator dielectrics. The equivalent-conductivity method serves as a parameter retrieval technique to characterize the graphene metasurfaces as the components of the proposed circuit model. Good agreement is observed between the full-wave simulations and the equivalent-circuit predictions. The optimum MGBM absorber exhibits $> 90 %$ absorbance in an extremely broad frequency band of 0.55–3.12 THz ( $BW = 140 %$ ). The results indicate a significant BW enhancement compared with both the previous metal- and graphene-based THz absorbers, highlighting the capability of the designed MGBM absorber. To clarify the physical mechanism of absorption, the surface current and the electric-field distributions, as well as the power loss density of each graphene metasurface, are monitored and discussed. The MGBM functionality is evaluated under a wide range of incident wave angles to prove that the proposed absorber is omnidirectional and polarization-insensitive. These superior performances guarantee the applicability of the MGBM structure as an ultra-broadband absorber for various THz applications.

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$p$	$E_{f 1}$	$τ_{1}$	$r_{1}$	$E_{f 2}$
33 μm	0 ev	0.05 ps	10 μm	0.1 ev
$τ_{2}$	$r_{2}$	$E_{f 3}$	$τ_{3}$	$r_{3}$
0.2 ps	14.5 μm	0.65 ev	0.1 ps	15.5 μm

$p$	$E_{f 1}$	$τ_{1}$	$w_{1}$	$E_{f 2}$
73 μm	0.14 ev	0.1 ps	27 μm	0.15 ev
$τ_{2}$	$w_{2}$	$E_{f 3}$	$τ_{3}$	$w_{3}$
0.4 ps	23 μm	0.9 ev	0.15 ps	32 μm

$p$	$E_{f 1}$	$τ_{1}$	$a_{1}$	$E_{f 2}$
23.5 μm	0.1 ev	0.2 ps	6 μm	0.3 ev
$τ_{2}$	$a_{2}$	$E_{f 3}$	$τ_{3}$	$a_{3}$
0.1 ps	23 μm	0.4 ev	0.2 ps	15 μm

$p$	$E_{f 1}$	$τ_{1}$	$r$	$E_{f 2}$
58.3 μm	0.37 ev	0.25 ps	12.95 μm	0.35 eV
$τ_{2}$	$w$	$E_{f 3}$	$τ_{3}$	$a$
0.1 ps	14 μm	0.85 eV	0.1 ps	54 μm

Reference	Frequency Band (THz)	Fractional BW (%)	Unit Cell Dimensions^a		Angular Stability	Constitutive Material	Type
[42]	2–4	66.7	$32 \times 32 \times 18 {μm}^{3}$	$0.21 λ \times 0.21 λ \times 0.12 λ$	NA	Graphene	Single layer
[21]	1.23–2.73	76	$10 \times 10 \times 36 {μm}^{3}$	$0.04 λ \times 0.04 λ \times 0.15 λ$	NA	Graphene	Single layer
[22]	1.65–4.35	90	$15 \times 15 \times 19 {μm}^{3}$	$0.08 λ \times 0.08 λ \times 0.1 λ$	NA	Graphene	Multilayer
[24]	0.5–1.5	100	$118 \times 50 {μm}^{2}$ (2D)	$0.2 λ \times 0.08 λ$ (2D)	NA	Graphene	Single layer
[25]	0.5–1.5	100	$106 \times 106 \times 50 {μm}^{3}$	$0.18 λ \times 0.18 λ \times 0.08 λ$	TE up to 40°	Graphene	Single layer
[25]	0.5–1.5	100	$106 \times 106 \times 50 {μm}^{3}$	$0.18 λ \times 0.18 λ \times 0.08 λ$	TM up to 60°	Graphene	Single layer
[44]	1.17–2.99	87.5	$70 \times 70 \times 25 {μm}^{3}$	$0.27 λ \times 0.27 λ \times 0.1 λ$	TE up to 30°	Tantalum nitride	Single layer
[44]	1.17–2.99	87.5	$70 \times 70 \times 25 {μm}^{3}$	$0.27 λ \times 0.27 λ \times 0.1 λ$	TM up to 45°	Tantalum nitride	Single layer
[45]	0.76–1.48	64	$100 \times 100 \times 26 {μm}^{3}$	$0.25 λ \times 0.25 λ \times 0.07 λ$	TE up to 40°	Metal	Multilayer
[45]	0.76–1.48	64	$100 \times 100 \times 26 {μm}^{3}$	$0.25 λ \times 0.25 λ \times 0.07 λ$	TM up to 40°	Metal	Multilayer
[46]	1.6–5	103	$200 \times 200 \times 90 {μm}^{3}$	$1.06 λ \times 1.06 λ \times 0.48 λ$	TE up to 45°	Metal	Single layer
[46]	1.6–5	103	$200 \times 200 \times 90 {μm}^{3}$	$1.06 λ \times 1.06 λ \times 0.48 λ$	TM up to 70°	Metal	Single layer
[43]	0.7–2.5	112.5	$105 \times 105 \times 125 {μm}^{3}$	$0.24 λ \times 0.24 λ \times 0.3 λ$	TE up to 60°	Metal	Multilayer
[43]	0.7–2.5	112.5	$105 \times 105 \times 125 {μm}^{3}$	$0.24 λ \times 0.24 λ \times 0.3 λ$	TM up to 50°	Metal	Multilayer
This work	0.55–3.12	140	$58 \times 58 \times 50 {μm}^{3}$	$0.1 λ \times 0.1 λ \times 0.09 λ$	TE up to 40°	Graphene	Multilayer
This work	0.55–3.12	140	$58 \times 58 \times 50 {μm}^{3}$	$0.1 λ \times 0.1 λ \times 0.09 λ$	TM up to 65°	Graphene	Multilayer

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Applied Optics