Diffractive optics development using a modified stack-and-draw technique

Jacek Pniewski; Rafal Kasztelanic; Jedrzej M. Nowosielski; Adam Filipkowski; Bernard Piechal; Andrew J. Waddie; Dariusz Pysz; Ireneusz Kujawa; Ryszard Stepien; Mohammad R. Taghizadeh; Ryszard Buczynski

doi:10.1364/AO.55.004939

Applied Optics
Vol. 55,
Issue 18,
pp. 4939-4945
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.004939

Diffractive optics development using a modified stack-and-draw technique

Jacek Pniewski, Rafal Kasztelanic, Jedrzej M. Nowosielski, Adam Filipkowski, Bernard Piechal, Andrew J. Waddie, Dariusz Pysz, Ireneusz Kujawa, Ryszard Stepien, Mohammad R. Taghizadeh, and Ryszard Buczynski

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Jacek Pniewski, Rafal Kasztelanic, Jedrzej M. Nowosielski, Adam Filipkowski, Bernard Piechal, Andrew J. Waddie, Dariusz Pysz, Ireneusz Kujawa, Ryszard Stepien, Mohammad R. Taghizadeh, and Ryszard Buczynski, "Diffractive optics development using a modified stack-and-draw technique," Appl. Opt. 55, 4939-4945 (2016)

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Abstract

We present a novel method for the development of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). Unlike standard surface relief DOEs, the phase shift is introduced through a refractive index variation achieved by using different types of glass. For the fabrication of DOEs we use a modified stack-and-draw technique, originally developed for the fabrication of photonic crystal fibers, resulting in a completely flat element that is easy to integrate with other optical components. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the method is presented—a two-dimensional binary optical phase grating in the form of a square chessboard with a pixel size of 5 μm. Two types of glass are used: low refractive index silicate glass NC21 and high refractive index lead-silicate glass F2. The measured diffraction characteristics of the fabricated component are presented and it is shown numerically and experimentally that such a DOE can be used as a fiber interconnector that couples light from a small-core fiber into the several cores of a multicore fiber.

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Diffraction Order	Arbitrary $Δ φ$	$Δ φ = π$
$I_{00}$	$\cos^{4} (\frac{Δ φ}{2})$	0
$I_{\pm m, 0,} I_{0, \pm n}$ (odd $m$ , $n$ )	$\frac{4}{π^{2} m^{2}} \sin^{2} (\frac{m Δ φ}{2})$	$\frac{4}{π^{2} m^{2}}$
$I_{\pm m, 0,} I_{0, \pm n}$ (even $m$ , $n$ )	0	0
$I_{\pm m, \pm n}$ (odd $m$ , $n$ )	$\frac{16}{π^{4} m^{2} n^{2}} \sin^{2} (\frac{m Δ φ}{2}) \sin^{2} (\frac{n Δ φ}{2})$	$\frac{16}{π^{4} m^{2} n^{2}}$
$I_{\pm m, \pm n}$ (even $m$ , $n$ )	0	0

Property	NC21	F2
Refractive index $n_{D}$	1.518	1.620
Linear thermal expansion coefficient for the range 20–300°C $α$ ( $10^{- 7} K^{- 1}$ )	82.0	91.9
Lower annealing temperature $t_{l}$ (°C); $\log η = 14.6$	462	400
Transformation temperature $T_{g}$ (°C); $\log η = 13.4$	487	431
Upper annealing temperature $t_{u}$ (°C); $\log η = 13.0$	496	440
Dilatometric softening point (DSP) $T_{d}$ (°C); $\log η = 11.0$	527	480
Characteristic glass temperatures related to dynamic viscosities $η$ (given in poise) (°C)
Edge curvature $T_{c} \log η = 9.0$	580	520
Sphere creation $T_{sph} \log η = 6.0$	670	690
Hemisphere creation $T_{hs} \log η = 4.0$	740	820
Spread of the sample $T_{sp} \log$ $η = 2.0$	860	1130

Diffraction Order	Arbitrary $Δ φ$	$Δ φ = π$
$I_{00}$	$\cos^{4} (\frac{Δ φ}{2})$	0
$I_{\pm m, 0,} I_{0, \pm n}$ (odd $m$ , $n$ )	$\frac{4}{π^{2} m^{2}} \sin^{2} (\frac{m Δ φ}{2})$	$\frac{4}{π^{2} m^{2}}$
$I_{\pm m, 0,} I_{0, \pm n}$ (even $m$ , $n$ )	0	0
$I_{\pm m, \pm n}$ (odd $m$ , $n$ )	$\frac{16}{π^{4} m^{2} n^{2}} \sin^{2} (\frac{m Δ φ}{2}) \sin^{2} (\frac{n Δ φ}{2})$	$\frac{16}{π^{4} m^{2} n^{2}}$
$I_{\pm m, \pm n}$ (even $m$ , $n$ )	0	0

Property	NC21	F2
Refractive index $n_{D}$	1.518	1.620
Linear thermal expansion coefficient for the range 20–300°C $α$ ( $10^{- 7} K^{- 1}$ )	82.0	91.9
Lower annealing temperature $t_{l}$ (°C); $\log η = 14.6$	462	400
Transformation temperature $T_{g}$ (°C); $\log η = 13.4$	487	431
Upper annealing temperature $t_{u}$ (°C); $\log η = 13.0$	496	440
Dilatometric softening point (DSP) $T_{d}$ (°C); $\log η = 11.0$	527	480
Characteristic glass temperatures related to dynamic viscosities $η$ (given in poise) (°C)
Edge curvature $T_{c} \log η = 9.0$	580	520
Sphere creation $T_{sph} \log η = 6.0$	670	690
Hemisphere creation $T_{hs} \log η = 4.0$	740	820
Spread of the sample $T_{sp} \log$ $η = 2.0$	860	1130

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Equations (6)

Applied Optics