Multi-hop quantum key distribution with passive relays over underwater turbulence channels

Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf; Majid Safari; Murat Uysal

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.404245

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 37,
Issue 12,
pp. 3614-3621
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.404245

Multi-hop quantum key distribution with passive relays over underwater turbulence channels

Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf, Majid Safari, and Murat Uysal

Not Accessible

Your library or personal account may give you access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf, Majid Safari, and Murat Uysal, "Multi-hop quantum key distribution with passive relays over underwater turbulence channels," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37, 3614-3621 (2020)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article

Check for updates

Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Quantum Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 31, 2020
- Revised Manuscript: September 30, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: September 30, 2020
- Published: November 5, 2020

Abstract

Absorption, scattering, and turbulence experienced in underwater channels severely limit the range of quantum communication links. In this paper, as a potential solution to overcome range limitations, we investigate a multi-hop underwater quantum key distribution (QKD) where intermediate nodes between the source and destination nodes help the key distribution. We consider the deployment of passive relays that simply redirect the qubits to the next relay node or the receiver without any measurement. Based on the near-field analysis, we present the performance of a relay-assisted QKD scheme in terms of quantum bit error rate and secret key rate in different water types and turbulence conditions. We further investigate the effect of system parameters such as aperture size and detector field of view on the performance. Our results demonstrate under what conditions relay-assisted QKD can be beneficial and what end-to-end transmission distances can be supported with a multi-hop underwater QKD system.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Performance analysis of decoy state quantum key distribution over underwater turbulence channels

Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf, Majid Safari, and Murat Uysal
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39(6) 1470-1478 (2022)

Performance analysis of quantum key distribution in underwater turbulence channels

Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf, Majid Safari, and Murat Uysal
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37(2) 564-573 (2020)

Performance of underwater quantum key distribution with polarization encoding

Shi-Cheng Zhao, Xin-Hong Han, Ya Xiao, Yuan Shen, Yong-Jian Gu, and Wen-Dong Li
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36(5) 883-892 (2019)

Previous Article Next Article

Cited By

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Figures (7)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Tables (2)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Equations (14)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Parameter	Definition		Numerical Value
$Ω$	Field of view		$180^{\circ}$ [23]
$Δ λ$	Filter spectral width		30 nm [14]
$λ$	Wavelength		530 nm [23]
$Δ t$	Bit period		35 ns [26]
$Δ t^{'}$	Receiver gate time		200 ps [26]
$d$	Transmitter aperture diameter		5 cm [19]
$d^{'}$	Receiver aperture diameter		5 cm [19]
$η$	Quantum efficiency		0.5 [19]
$I_{d c}$	Dark current count rate		60 Hz [26]
$K_{\infty}$	Asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient		$0.08 m^{- 1}$ [25]
$z_{d}$	Depth		100 m [26]
$θ$	Transmitter beam divergence angle		$6^{\circ}$ [23]
$ς$	Extinction coefficient	Clear water Coastal water	$0.151 m^{- 1}$ [24] $0.339 m^{- 1}$ [24]
$T$	Correction coefficient	$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 5 c m$ $θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 10 c m$	0.13 [23] 0.16 [23]
		$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 20 c m$	0.21 [23]
		$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 30 c m$	0.26 [23]

Diameter Size ( $d$ )	5 cm			10 cm			20 cm			30 cm
Field of view ( $Ω$ )	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$
Clear weather full Moon	102 m $K = 4$	102 m $K = 4$	102 m $K = 4$	112 m $K = 2$	112 m $K = 2$	111 m $K = 2$	131 m $K = 0$	131 m $K = 0$	130 m $K = 0$	156 m $K = 0$	154 m $K = 0$	151 m $K = 0$
Heavy overcast Sun near horizon	97 m $K = 4$	71 m $K = 2$	57 m $K = 1$	98 m $K = 2$	64 m $K = 1$	49 m $K = 0$	100 m $K = 0$	57 m $K = 0$	38 m $K = 0$	106 m $K = 0$	51 m $K = 0$	27 m $K = 0$
Hazy overcast Sun near horizon	87 m $K = 3$	55 m $K = 1$	42 m $K = 1$	84 m $K = 1$	47 m $K = 0$	32 m $K = 0$	81 m $K = 0$	35 m $K = 0$	17 m $K = 0$	82 m $K = 0$	25 m $K = 0$	7 m $K = 0$

Parameter	Definition		Numerical Value
$Ω$	Field of view		$180^{\circ}$ [23]
$Δ λ$	Filter spectral width		30 nm [14]
$λ$	Wavelength		530 nm [23]
$Δ t$	Bit period		35 ns [26]
$Δ t^{'}$	Receiver gate time		200 ps [26]
$d$	Transmitter aperture diameter		5 cm [19]
$d^{'}$	Receiver aperture diameter		5 cm [19]
$η$	Quantum efficiency		0.5 [19]
$I_{d c}$	Dark current count rate		60 Hz [26]
$K_{\infty}$	Asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient		$0.08 m^{- 1}$ [25]
$z_{d}$	Depth		100 m [26]
$θ$	Transmitter beam divergence angle		$6^{\circ}$ [23]
$ς$	Extinction coefficient	Clear water Coastal water	$0.151 m^{- 1}$ [24] $0.339 m^{- 1}$ [24]
$T$	Correction coefficient	$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 5 c m$ $θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 10 c m$	0.13 [23] 0.16 [23]
		$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 20 c m$	0.21 [23]
		$θ = 6^{\circ}, d_{1} = 30 c m$	0.26 [23]

Diameter Size ( $d$ )	5 cm			10 cm			20 cm			30 cm
Field of view ( $Ω$ )	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$	$10^{\circ}$	$60^{\circ}$	$180^{\circ}$
Clear weather full Moon	102 m $K = 4$	102 m $K = 4$	102 m $K = 4$	112 m $K = 2$	112 m $K = 2$	111 m $K = 2$	131 m $K = 0$	131 m $K = 0$	130 m $K = 0$	156 m $K = 0$	154 m $K = 0$	151 m $K = 0$
Heavy overcast Sun near horizon	97 m $K = 4$	71 m $K = 2$	57 m $K = 1$	98 m $K = 2$	64 m $K = 1$	49 m $K = 0$	100 m $K = 0$	57 m $K = 0$	38 m $K = 0$	106 m $K = 0$	51 m $K = 0$	27 m $K = 0$
Hazy overcast Sun near horizon	87 m $K = 3$	55 m $K = 1$	42 m $K = 1$	84 m $K = 1$	47 m $K = 0$	32 m $K = 0$	81 m $K = 0$	35 m $K = 0$	17 m $K = 0$	82 m $K = 0$	25 m $K = 0$	7 m $K = 0$

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (7)

Tables (2)

Equations (14)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B