Lighting for color vision examination in the era of LEDs: the FM100Hue Test

Stephen J. Dain; David A. Atchison; Jeffery K. Hovis; Mei-Ying Boon

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.382301

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 37,
Issue 4,
pp. A122-A132
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.382301

Lighting for color vision examination in the era of LEDs: the FM100Hue Test

Stephen J. Dain, David A. Atchison, Jeffery K. Hovis, and Mei-Ying Boon

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Stephen J. Dain, David A. Atchison, Jeffery K. Hovis, and Mei-Ying Boon, "Lighting for color vision examination in the era of LEDs: the FM100Hue Test," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, A122-A132 (2020)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Color Vision Deficiency, Diagnosis, and Clinical Applications
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 4, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: February 4, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: February 10, 2020
- Published: March 12, 2020
Virtual Issues
JOSA A Color Vision 2020 (2020)

Abstract

Lighting conditions nominated for color vision testing are many and varied. The recommendation of CIE color rendering index (CIE CRI) $ {\ge} {90}$ and correlated color temperature of close to 6500 K is widely made for color vision testing generally. With the demise of incandescent and fluorescent lighting and their replacement by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), this is an opportune time to revisit the recommendation. In this paper, we consider the current sources, acceptable and unacceptable, and improvements to the recommendation as it applies to the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test (FM100Hue Test). We conclude that there is no need to treat LEDs as a special case but propose a modified CRI measure.

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Illuminant	D50	D55	D60	D65	D70	D75	D80	D85	D90	D95	CIE C
CCT K	5000	5500	6000	6500	7000	7500	8000	8500	9000	9500	6774
Luminance Clue ^a
Normals	6.5%	6.7%	6.9%	7.1%	7.3%	7.4%	7.5%	7.6%	7.7%	7.8%	6.9%
Protanopes	10.8%	11.2%	11.6%	11.9%	12.2%	12.4%	12.6%	12.8%	13.0%	13.1%	12.6%
Deuteranopes	5.6%	5.3%	5.3%	5.5%	5.6%	5.7%	5.8%	5.9%	6.0%	5.8%	5.8%
Raw Chromaticity Spacing Data ^b
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0040	0.0040	0.0041	0.0041	0.0041	0.0042	0.0042	0.0043	0.0043	0.0042	0.0042
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0014	0.0014	0.0014	0.0014	0.0013
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	66%	64%	63%	63%	64%	64%	65%	65%	66%	67%	64%
Transformed Chromaticity Spacing Data ^c
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0043	0.0042	0.0042	0.0041	0.0041	0.0040	0.0040	0.0040	0.0040	0.0039	0.0041
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0014	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	64%	63%	63%	63%	63%	64%	64%	64%	64%	65%	64%
Change in Total Chromaticity Area Enclosed Compared with D65
	4%	2%	1%	0%	−1%	−2%	−2%	−3%	−3%	−4%	1%
The Color Rendering Index Calculated Using the 85 FM100Hue Transformed Chromaticities and D65 as a Fixed Reference
FM100 CRI	89.4	93.7	97.1	100	97.6	95.5	93.8	92.2	90.9	89.7	98.0

	CCT		CIE CRI		FM100 CRI
	r	p	r	p	r	p
Luminance Clue
Normals	0.23	ns	−0.60	$< 0.05$	−0.37	ns
Protanopes	0.73	$< 0.0001$	0.62	$< 0.05$	0.81	$< 0.00001$
Deuteranopes	−0.69	$< 0.001$	−0.65	$< 0.001$	−0.80	$< 0.00001$
Raw Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.41	ns	0.80	$< 0.0001$	0.85	$< 0.000001$
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.78	$< 0.001$	−0.22	ns	−0.45	$< 0.05$
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	0.85	$< 0.00001$	−0.43	$< 0.05$	−0.65	$< 0.001$
Transformed Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.88	$< 0.00001$	0.16	ns	−0.16	ns
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.86	$< 0.00001$	−0.29	ns	−0.52	$< 0.05$
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	0.70	$< 0.001$	−0.56	$< 0.05$	−0.69	$< 0.001$
Area enclosed	−0.76	$< 0.0001$	0.44	$< 0.05$	0.12	ns

Name	Type	Measured CIE CRI	Measured CCT K
Macbeth lamp	Filtered incandescent	92.6	6549
Duratest	Halophosphate fluorescent tube	90.0	7094
GE artificial daylight		92.9	6851
GE BS950 compliant		89.6	7003
Osram 965	Triphosphor/modified triphosphor fluorescent tube	96.2	6369
Phillips 950		93.5	5429
Thorn D62		76.4	6589
NEC Super cool white		87.2	4384
Kenco daylight		82.6	5962
Sylvania 840		83.4	4220
Phillips 940		92.0	4145
Thorn 860		80.8	6189

	D65	Yuki LED	Duratest	CIE C	Richmond W1	Osram LED Globe
CCT K	6500	7283	7094	6774	6717	6672
CIE CRI	100	95	90	97.5	97.2	86.9
Luminance Clue
Normals	7.10%	7.30%	7.80%	6.90%	7.10%	7.30%
Protanopes	11.90%	12.20%	12.20%	11.70%	12.00%	11.00%
Deuteranopes	5.50%	5.60%	6.30%	5.30%	5.50%	5.90%
Raw Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0041	0.0042	0.004	0.0042	0.0042	0.004
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	32%	32%	32%	32%	32%	32%
Transformed Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0041	0.0041	0.0039	0.0041	0.0041	0.0039
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	32%	32%	32%	32%	32%	32%
Change in the Area Enclosed Compared with D65
	0%	−1%	−5%	1%	1%	−5%
D65 CRI	100	94.2	88.4	97.5	98.1	86.3
FM100 CRI	100	95.9	87.7	98	98.6	86.5
	GE AD	Macbeth	Osram 965	Richmond W2	Xenon arc	Phillips 950
CCT K	6851	6549	6369	6093	5518	5429
CIE CRI	92.9	92.6	96.2	96.9	96.6	93.5
Luminance Clue
Normals	7.40%	7.20%	7.30%	7.00%	6.40%	7.40%
Protanopes	11.60%	11.40%	12.10%	11.50%	11.00%	10.90%
Deuteranopes	5.90%	5.30%	5.60%	5.40%	5.30%	5.90%
Raw Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0041	0.004	0.0041	0.0041	0.0041	0.0041
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0015
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	32%	32%	32%	32%	32%	38%

	GE BS950	Phillips LED Globe	Thorn D62	Richmond F	LED Batten	Thorn 860
CCT K	7003	6777	6589	6358	6272	6189
CIE CRI	89.6	83.9	76.4	75.6	83.8	80.8
Luminance Clue
Normals	7.70%	7.60%	7.60%	7.70%	7.30%	8.80%
Protanopes	11.80%	11.00%	10.40%	10.30%	10.50%	11.30%
Deuteranopes	6.20%	6.20%	6.30%	6.30%	5.90%	7.00%
Raw Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0041	0.0039	0.0038	0.0038	0.0039	0.0041
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0016
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	33%	33%	34%	34%	32%	38%
Transformed Data
Mean $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.004	0.0039	0.0038	0.0038	0.0039	0.0042
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0013	0.0016
SD $Δ u^{'} v^{'}$ %	32%	33%	34%	34%	33%	38%
Change in the Area Enclosed Compared with D65
	−3%	−6%	−9%	−9%	−5%	−2%
D65 CRI	88.7	83.1	76	76.2	84.5	81.2
FM100 CRI	88.4	82.8	75.8	75.5	84.5	81.8

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Journal of the Optical Society of America A