Philipp Urban, Maria Fedutina, and Ingmar Lissner, "Analyzing small suprathreshold differences of LCD-generated colors," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28, 1500-1512 (2011)
Small suprathreshold color differences around five CIE color centers were investigated on a typical liquid crystal display (LCD) with fluorescent backlight using the method of constant stimuli. The results were evaluated using probit analysis and compared with surface-color differences of the RIT-DuPont dataset. We focused especially on the relationship between T50 distances obtained from LCD and surface-color stimuli and on the influence of the display’s narrowband primaries and its relatively low luminance level on interobserver uncertainty. The low luminance level of the LCD decreases the perceived color differences. However, considering the visual uncertainty of the experimental data, we could not reject the hypothesis that T50 distances from the RIT-DuPont and our experiment agree up to a constant scaling factor. In addition, we found significantly higher interobserver variability in the estimation of small color differences if the colors are viewed on an LCD. There are some indications that color-difference perception might be influenced by individual color-matching functions and, thus, by the spectral power distribution of the stimuli. We provide the experimental data, including all spectral stimuli shown to the observers, on our website.
Eric Kirchner, Niels Dekker, Marcel Lucassen, Lan Njo, Ivo van der Lans, Pim Koeckhoven, Philipp Urban, and Rafael Huertas J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 32(12) 2373-2383 (2015)
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CIELAB Values of the Five Color Centers Recommended by the CIE, the Stimuli Shown in Our Experiment [Color Centers, Anchor Pair (AP) Colors, Background Color, and Color of the White Border], and the Stimuli Used in the RIT-DuPont Experiment
CIE
IDD-LCD
RIT-DuPont
Gray
61.7
0.8
0.6
62.1
0.7
0.0
59.8
1.3
Red
44.4
37.9
23.3
45.0
36.6
22.7
42.3
35.9
20.4
Yellow
86.7
47.0
87.1
45.2
76.9
4.0
35.1
Green
56.1
0.3
56.5
55.5
2.8
Blue
35.6
5.6
35.9
6.3
36.1
AP color 1
40.0
1.3
0.3
49.5
AP color 2
42.2
1.4
0.4
48.9
0.2
Background
50
0
0
38
White border
100
0
0
Table 2
Evaluation of the Intraobserver Variability: p-Values Resulting from the Goodness-of-Fit Tests for All Investigated Color Centers and Directionsa
STRESS Values between Distances and 5000 Corresponding Randomized Distances for the IDD-LCD and the RIT-DuPont Data, with STRESS Values between IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Distancesa
Color Center
IDD-LCD STRESS Values between and 5000 Randomized Visual Color Differences
RIT-DuPont STRESS Values between and 5000 Randomized Visual Color Differences
STRESS Values between IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Distances
Percentages of 5000 F-tests That Indicate Significant Differences between Distances of the IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Datasets and between Distances of the IDD-LCD Dataset, Considering Visual Uncertaintya,b
Color Center
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict RIT-DuPont ()
RIT-DuPont () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
Gray
100.00
80.90
29.74
33.30
Red
63.92
45.96
80.00
75.78
Yellow
100.00
98.90
99.72
58.56
Green
97.10
56.78
98.60
98.80
Blue
46.64
86.20
99.94
99.06
See Subsection 3E1.
Values in boldface indicate that the corresponding visual color differences are significantly different based on a critical value of 99.5% of all F-tests.
Table 5
STRESS Values between Distances of the IDD-LCD Dataset and 5000 Corresponding Randomized Distances, with STRESS Values between Corresponding IDD-LCD and Distancesa,b
STRESS Values between and Randomized Visual Color Differences (IDD-LCD)
STRESS Values between and Randomized Visual Color Differences (IDD-LCD)
Color Center
Mean
Max.
Min.
Std.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Std.
STRESS Values between and Distances
Gray
6.98
36.12
0.94
4.46
5.15
13.86
0.87
1.77
10.28
Red
5.58
20.34
0.95
2.48
5.81
20.54
0.91
2.61
17.42
Yellow
4.04
9.34
0.80
1.29
8.78
33.89
1.32
4.65
20.27
Green
4.22
11.90
0.54
1.47
3.90
10.99
0.62
1.48
19.58
Blue
4.21
14.68
0.44
1.54
4.65
15.89
0.76
1.81
25.21
See Subsection 3E1.
The and directions were evaluated separately.
Tables (5)
Table 1
CIELAB Values of the Five Color Centers Recommended by the CIE, the Stimuli Shown in Our Experiment [Color Centers, Anchor Pair (AP) Colors, Background Color, and Color of the White Border], and the Stimuli Used in the RIT-DuPont Experiment
CIE
IDD-LCD
RIT-DuPont
Gray
61.7
0.8
0.6
62.1
0.7
0.0
59.8
1.3
Red
44.4
37.9
23.3
45.0
36.6
22.7
42.3
35.9
20.4
Yellow
86.7
47.0
87.1
45.2
76.9
4.0
35.1
Green
56.1
0.3
56.5
55.5
2.8
Blue
35.6
5.6
35.9
6.3
36.1
AP color 1
40.0
1.3
0.3
49.5
AP color 2
42.2
1.4
0.4
48.9
0.2
Background
50
0
0
38
White border
100
0
0
Table 2
Evaluation of the Intraobserver Variability: p-Values Resulting from the Goodness-of-Fit Tests for All Investigated Color Centers and Directionsa
STRESS Values between Distances and 5000 Corresponding Randomized Distances for the IDD-LCD and the RIT-DuPont Data, with STRESS Values between IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Distancesa
Color Center
IDD-LCD STRESS Values between and 5000 Randomized Visual Color Differences
RIT-DuPont STRESS Values between and 5000 Randomized Visual Color Differences
STRESS Values between IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Distances
Percentages of 5000 F-tests That Indicate Significant Differences between Distances of the IDD-LCD and RIT-DuPont Datasets and between Distances of the IDD-LCD Dataset, Considering Visual Uncertaintya,b
Color Center
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict RIT-DuPont ()
RIT-DuPont () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
IDD-LCD () Cannot Predict IDD-LCD ()
Gray
100.00
80.90
29.74
33.30
Red
63.92
45.96
80.00
75.78
Yellow
100.00
98.90
99.72
58.56
Green
97.10
56.78
98.60
98.80
Blue
46.64
86.20
99.94
99.06
See Subsection 3E1.
Values in boldface indicate that the corresponding visual color differences are significantly different based on a critical value of 99.5% of all F-tests.
Table 5
STRESS Values between Distances of the IDD-LCD Dataset and 5000 Corresponding Randomized Distances, with STRESS Values between Corresponding IDD-LCD and Distancesa,b
STRESS Values between and Randomized Visual Color Differences (IDD-LCD)
STRESS Values between and Randomized Visual Color Differences (IDD-LCD)
Color Center
Mean
Max.
Min.
Std.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Std.
STRESS Values between and Distances
Gray
6.98
36.12
0.94
4.46
5.15
13.86
0.87
1.77
10.28
Red
5.58
20.34
0.95
2.48
5.81
20.54
0.91
2.61
17.42
Yellow
4.04
9.34
0.80
1.29
8.78
33.89
1.32
4.65
20.27
Green
4.22
11.90
0.54
1.47
3.90
10.99
0.62
1.48
19.58
Blue
4.21
14.68
0.44
1.54
4.65
15.89
0.76
1.81
25.21
See Subsection 3E1.
The and directions were evaluated separately.