Precision of Color Measurement with the GE Spectrophotometer. I. Routine Industrial Performance*

Fred W. Billmeyer

doi:10.1364/JOSA.55.000707

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 55,
Issue 6,
pp. 707-716
(1965)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.55.000707

Precision of Color Measurement with the GE Spectrophotometer. I. Routine Industrial Performance

Fred W. Billmeyer

Not Accessible

Your library or personal account may give you access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Fred W. Billmeyer, "Precision of Color Measurement with the GE Spectrophotometer. I. Routine Industrial Performance*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 707-716 (1965)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article

Abstract

A round-robin study of color measurement on the General Electric recording spectrophotometer was carried out by 15 participating laboratories, using transparent glass filters and opaque plastic and glass specimens. In terms of CIE Y and x, y for Illuminant C (daylight), 95% confidence limits for individual measurements averaged ±1.5% for Y and ±0.0165 for x and y if all the data were included. Elimination of results known or suspected to contain systematic errors reduced these values to ±0.57% for Y and ±0.0119 for x and y. The confidence limits for x and y are much greater for low-luminance than for high-luminance specimens, but those for Y showed relatively little dependence on luminance. The short-time repeatability of the spectrophotometer averaged ±0.09% for Y and ±0.0007 for x and y, while its reproducibility over a 14-month period averaged ±0.62% for Y and ±0.0028 for x and y.

The results of this round-robin study clearly show, as in the repeatability and reproducibility studies, that the GE spectrophotometer, when suitably calibrated and operated, can still be considered the referee instrument for accurate color measurement. Serious doubt is cast, however, on the suitability of the procedures generally practiced for the calibration and operation of this instrument.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Comparative Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

Fred W. Billmeyer
Appl. Opt. 8(4) 775-783 (1969)

Precision of Color Measurement with the GE Spectrophotometer. II: Photometric Accuracy

Eugene C. Rhodes and Fred W. Billmeyer
Appl. Opt. 8(4) 769-773 (1969)

International Comparison of Working Standards for Colorimetry

A. R. Robertson and W. D. Wright
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55(6) 694-706 (1965)

Previous Article Next Article

Cited By

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Figures (4)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Tables (10)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Equations (1)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Designation (this study)	Corning number	Descriptive color name	Nominal CIE coordinates, Illum. C
Designation (this study)	Corning number	Descriptive color name	Y (%)	x	y
AA1	3480	Red	26.2	0.635	0.364
AA2	3307	Amber	49.2	0.484	0.461
AA3	4010	Green	11.0	0.201	0.637
AA4	5551	Blue	8.9	0.155	0.081
AA5	5045	Neutral	55.9	0.283	0.306

Designation (this study)	Descriptive color name	Nominal CIE Coordinates, Illum. C
		vs MgO			vs “Vitrolite”
		Y (%)	x	y	Y (%)	x	y
Glass:
A1	White	87.0	0.309	0.318	94.7	0.309	0.316
A2	Beige	54.1	0.345	0.344	58.8	0.345	0.343
A3	Pink	42.0	0.348	0.323	45.6	0.348	0.321
A4	Light gray	41.3	0.314	0.319	44.9	0.314	0.317
A5	Light green	33.3	0.296	0.334	36.1	0.295	0.331
A6	Dark green	4.2	0.235	0.356	4.5	0.233	0.353
A7	Maroon	1.3	0.539	0.322	1.4	0.557	0.323
A8	Dark gray	1.2	0.269	0.278	1.3	0.265	0.273
A9	Dark blue	0.7	0.222	0.187	0.7	0.215	0.177
A10	Black	0.2	0.291	0.309	0.2	0.297	0.307
Plastic:
	Red	12.8	0.620	0.334	13.8	0.623	0.333
	Yellow	66.4	0.463	0.491	72.3	0.465	0.490
	Green	9.4	0.179	0.283	10.2	0.179	0.281
	Blue	2.6	0.162	0.104	2.9	0.162	0.103

Laboratory number	Instrument model	Sphere type	Specular exclusion	Integration method	Working standard
1	Old	Old	Both	HWO	MgCO₃
2	New	New	⋯	ATI	BaSO₄
3	New	New	⋯	ATI	Smoked MgO
4	Old	Old	⋯	HWO	MgCO₃
5	Old	Special	Both	HWO	High BaSO₄ paper
6	Old	New	Sample	HWO	Pressed MgO
7	New	New	Sample	ATI	⋯
8	Old	Early	Partial	ATI	BaSO₄
9	New	New	Sample	ATI	Smoked MgO
10	Old	Old	⋯	ATI	⋯
11	New	New	Sample	DRO	NBS “Vitrolite”
12	New	New	⋯	ATI	Smoked MgO
13	Old	Old	⋯	ATI	BaSO₄
14	Old	Old	⋯	DTI	BaSO₄
15	New	New	Sample	DRO	NBS “Vitrolite”

Sample	Coordinate	Nominal value	95% confidence limits for
					Notes
			All data	Selected data	a	b	c	d
AA1 Red	y (%)	26.2	1.15	0.92	0.23	0.21	0.51	0.81
	x	0.635	0.0092	0.0042	0.0017	0.0007	0.0031	0.0044
	y	0.364	0.0028	0.0027	0.0006	0.0008	0.0033	0.0036
AA2 Amber	Y (%)	49.2	0.80	0.78	0.19	0.08	0.21	0.39
	x	0.484	0.0026	0.0024	0.0004	0.0005	0.0011	0.0013
	y	0.461	0.0032	0.0028	0.0004	0.0002	0.0006	0.0009
AA3 Green	Y (%)	11.0	0.41	0.25	0.13	0.11	0.24	0.24
	x	0.201	0.0112	0.0091	0.0025	0.0012	0.0025	0.0058
	y	0.637	0.0280	0.0144	0.0036	0.0023	0.0065	0.0083
AA4 Blue	Y(%)	8.9	0.55	0.41	0.04	0.02	0.16	0.27
	x	0.155	0.0024	0.0018	0.0004	0.0002	0.0006	0.0013
	y	0.081	0.0041	0.0032	0.0005	0.0002	0.0010	0.0018
AA5 Neutral	Y(%)	55.9	0.42	0.39	0.14	0.08	0.19	0.20
	x	0.283	0.0007	0.0007	0.0003	0.0002	0.0003	0.0017
	y	0.306	0.0015	0.0015	0.0003	0.0003	0.0008	0.0014

Sample	Coordinate	Nominal value	95% confidence limits for
			All data		Selected data		Note a^a
			vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”	vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”	vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”
Red	Y (%)	12.8	0.94	1.64	0.52	1.37	0.16	0.21
	x	0.620	0.0166	0.0172	0.0095	0.0132	0.0008	0.0022
	y	0.334	0.0022	0.0094	0.0021	0.0045	0.0005	0.0007
Yellow	Y (%)	66.4	3.02	3.66	0.95	0.94	0.08	0.38
	x	0.463	0.0036	0.0035	0.0034	0.0023	0.0004	0.0008
	y	0.491	0.0044	0.0043	0.0031	0.0034	0.0002	0.0005
Green	y (%)	9.4	0.90	1.08	0.40	0.56	0.05	0.05
	x	0.179	0.0099	0.0092	0.0064	0.0068	0.0014	0.0006
	y	0.283	0.0050	0.0064	0.0027	0.0031	0.0006	0.0005
Blue	Y (%)	2.6	0.74	0.81	0.37	0.41	0.03	0.02
	x	0.162	0.0131	0.0118	0.0079	0.0075	0.0008	0.0011
	y	0.104	0.0174	0.0169	0.0106	0.0098	0.0008	0.0007

Sample	Coordinate	Nominal value	95% confidence limits for selected data for
			Both cams		100% cam		20% cam
			vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”	vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”	vs MgO vs	“Vitrolite”
A6 Dk. green	Y (%)	4.2	0.31	0.53	0.26	0.73	0.37	0.58
	x	0.235	0.0083	0.0138	0.0076	0.0252	0.0098	0.0108
	y	0.356	0.0077	0.0071	0.0084	0.0098	0.0079	0.0093
A7 Maroon	Y (%)	1.3	0.32	0.51	0.25	0.92	0.38	0.48
	x	0.539	0.0652	0.1284	0.0762	0.2690	0.0736	0.0754
	y	0.322	0.0080	0.0185	0.0114	0.0604	0.0051	0.0063
A8 Dk. gray	Y (%)	1.2	0.32	0.50	⋯	0.12	0.35	0.46
	x	0.269	0.0109	0.0240	⋯	0.0678	0.0119	0.0139
	y	0.278	0.0184	0.0212	⋯	0.0615	0.0123	0.0147
A9 Dk. blue	Y (%)	0.7	0.31	0.53	0.14	1.31	0.42	0.48
	x	0.222	0.0247	0.0486	0.0150	0.1397	0.0337	0.0337
	y	0.187	0.0676	0.0797	0.0177	0.2248	0.0467	0.0506

Sample	Number of measurements for
	All data			Selected data			Note c^a	Note d^a	Note e^a
	vs MgO	vs	“Vitrolite”	vs MgO	vs	“Vitrolite”	vs BaSO₄	vs BaSO₄	vs BaSO₄
AA1 Red		20			18		34	11	⋯
AA2 Amber		20			18		34	11	⋯
AA3 Green		20			17		34	11	⋯
AA4 Blue		20			18		34	11	⋯
AA5 Neutral		20			18		34	11	⋯
Acrylic red	17		18	13		11	⋯	⋯	⋯
Acrylic yellow	17		18	13		11	⋯	⋯	⋯
Acrylic green	17		18	13		11	⋯	⋯	⋯
Acrylic blue	17		18	13		11	⋯	⋯	⋯
“Vitrolite” V3G52	13		⋯	8		⋯	37	⋯	⋯
A1 White	18		18	13		11	31	9	30
A2 Beige	18		18	13		11	29	9	30
A3 Pink	18		18	13		11	28	9	30
A4 Lt. gray	18		18	13		11	28	⋯	⋯
A5 Lt. green	18		18	13		11	25	9	30
A6 Dk. green	21		21	(4+10)^a		(4+7)^a	30	9	30
A7 Maroon	21		21	(4+10)		(4+7)	30	9	30
A8 Dk. gray	20		21	(2+11)		(3+8)	30	⋯	⋯
A9 Dk. blue	20		20	(5+8)		(3+8)	30	9	30
A10 Black (Y)	15		14	10		6	⋯	⋯	⋯
A10 Black (x,y)	14		11	9		6	⋯	⋯	⋯

CIE function	Samples	Data	Average	High	Low	Median
Y (%)	All	All	1.51	4.73	0.41	0.92
		Selected	0.57	1.37	0.25	0.50
		Note a	0.09	0.38	(0)	0.07
		Note c	0.62	1.53	0.16	0.55
x, y	All	All	0.0165	0.1132	0.0007	0.0047
		Selected	0.0119	0.1284	0.0006	0.0033
		Note a	0.0009	0.0043	(0)	0.0006
		Note c	0.0028	0.0184	0.0003	0.0010
x, y	High luminance	All	0.0022	0.0092	0.0007	0.0018
		Selected	0.0018	0.0042	0.0006	0.0015
		Note a	0.0005	0.0017	(0)	0.0004
		Note c	0.0011	0.0033	0.0003	0.0009
x, y	Low luminance	All	0.0293	0.1132	0.0022	0.0170
		Selected	0.0209	0.1284	0.0018	0.0100
		Note a	0.0012	0.0043	0.0003	0.0008
		Note c	0.0053	0.0184	0.0006	0.0015

Laboratory number	Data omitted for samples
	Filters	Acrylics vs MgO	“Vitrolite” vs MgO	“Carraras” vs MgO			Acrylics vs “Vitrolite”	“Carraras” vs “Vitrolite”
	Filters	Acrylics vs MgO	“Vitrolite” vs MgO	Nos. 1–5	Nos. 6–9	No. 10	Acrylics vs “Vitrolite”	Nos. 1–5	Nos. 6–9	No. 10
1					X	X			X	X
2
3		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
4						a				a
5			X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
6	X^c	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
7		a	a	a	a	a				a
8		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
9
10	b	a	a	a	a	a				a
11						X	X	X	X	X
12	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
13
14						a				a
15							X	X	X	X

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (4)

Tables (10)

Equations (1)

Journal of the Optical Society of America