Lewis S. Combes, Stanley S. Ballard, and Kathryn A. McCarthy, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Certain Optical Crystalline Materials*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 215-222 (1951)
Measurements have been made of various physical properties of certain optical materials of interest in infrared instrumentation. Tables are included which list values of Young’s modulus, apparent elastic limit, modulus of rupture, modulus of rigidity, hardness, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion. Major data are reported on the following crystals: silver chloride, thallium bromide-iodide, thallium bromide-chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. Some data are also given for a dozen-odd other optical materials. Literature values of elastic coefficients are stated for comparison, as well as the values of Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity calculated from these coefficients. A brief discussion is given of the variation of the elastic moduli with direction in the crystal, for cubic crystals.
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Calculated from the elastic coefficients listed in Table III.
B. M. Axilrod and J. J. Lamb, J. Appl. Phys. 19, 213 (1948). Smithsonian Physical Tables (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 1933), eighth revised edition, pp. 138–139.
Calculated from elastic coefficients listed in Table III. Smithsonian Physical Tables (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 1933), eighth revised edition, p. 139.
D. L. Arenberg, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 941 (1950).
D. L. Arenberg, based on measurements at the Naval Research Laboratory Field Station (1948–49), from pulse measurements at 15 Mc/s.
See reference 2.
J. K. Galt, Phys. Rev. 73, 1460 (1948).
P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 64, 305 (1929).
See reference 4, p. 744.
M. A. Durand, Phys. Rev. 50, 449 (1936).
Table IV
Hardness.
Material
Indenter load
Orientation of long axis of indenter; remarks
grams
Knoop hardness number
Lead iodide
200
4.3
Random
Potassium bromide
200
5.9
110 direction
200
7.0
100 direction
Potassium chloride
200
7.2
110 direction
200
9.3
100 direction
Silver chloride
200
9.5
Random
Thallium bromide
500
11.9
100 and 110 directions
Thallium chloride
500
12.8
100 and 110 directions
Sodium chloride
200
15.2
110 direction
200
18.2
100 direction
Plexiglas 1-A
100
19.0
Random
200
18.0
Random
Lucite
(rod)
100
18.8
Random
(sheet)
100
20.6
Random
Sodium nitrate
200
19.2
Perpendicular to cleavage planes
500
19.5
Perpendicular to cleavage planes
Lead chloride
200
31.0
Random
Thallium bromide-chloride
200
39.5
Random (polished surface)
500
29.9
110 direction
500
38.5
100 direction
Thallium bromide-iodide
200
40.2
Random (machined surface)
500
33.2
110 direction
500
39.8
100 direction
Aluminum (sheet)
200
48.6
Random
Calcite
200
99.8
Perpendicular to cleavage planes (cracks appeared)
Lithium fluoride
(air-grown)
500
99.1
100 and 110 directions
(vacuum-grown)
500
102.1
100 and 110 directions
Calcium fluoride
500
158.3
100 and 110 directions
Fused silica (Heraeus)
200
461
Random (small indentation)
500
486
Random (considerable chipping)
Magnesium oxide
600
692
Perpendicular to cleavage plane (some cracks appeared)
Crystal quartz
500
741
Random (measurements made on X and Z crystal faces—no difference noted)
Rutile
500
879
Random (some fracture)
1000
792
Random (some fracture)
Spinel
1000
1140
Random (some fracture)
Sapphire
1000
1370
Random (some fracture)
Table V
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion. (Units are 10−6 °C−1).
Calculated from the elastic coefficients listed in Table III.
B. M. Axilrod and J. J. Lamb, J. Appl. Phys. 19, 213 (1948). Smithsonian Physical Tables (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 1933), eighth revised edition, pp. 138–139.
Calculated from elastic coefficients listed in Table III. Smithsonian Physical Tables (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 1933), eighth revised edition, p. 139.
D. L. Arenberg, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 941 (1950).
D. L. Arenberg, based on measurements at the Naval Research Laboratory Field Station (1948–49), from pulse measurements at 15 Mc/s.
See reference 2.
J. K. Galt, Phys. Rev. 73, 1460 (1948).
P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 64, 305 (1929).
See reference 4, p. 744.
M. A. Durand, Phys. Rev. 50, 449 (1936).
Table IV
Hardness.
Material
Indenter load
Orientation of long axis of indenter; remarks
grams
Knoop hardness number
Lead iodide
200
4.3
Random
Potassium bromide
200
5.9
110 direction
200
7.0
100 direction
Potassium chloride
200
7.2
110 direction
200
9.3
100 direction
Silver chloride
200
9.5
Random
Thallium bromide
500
11.9
100 and 110 directions
Thallium chloride
500
12.8
100 and 110 directions
Sodium chloride
200
15.2
110 direction
200
18.2
100 direction
Plexiglas 1-A
100
19.0
Random
200
18.0
Random
Lucite
(rod)
100
18.8
Random
(sheet)
100
20.6
Random
Sodium nitrate
200
19.2
Perpendicular to cleavage planes
500
19.5
Perpendicular to cleavage planes
Lead chloride
200
31.0
Random
Thallium bromide-chloride
200
39.5
Random (polished surface)
500
29.9
110 direction
500
38.5
100 direction
Thallium bromide-iodide
200
40.2
Random (machined surface)
500
33.2
110 direction
500
39.8
100 direction
Aluminum (sheet)
200
48.6
Random
Calcite
200
99.8
Perpendicular to cleavage planes (cracks appeared)
Lithium fluoride
(air-grown)
500
99.1
100 and 110 directions
(vacuum-grown)
500
102.1
100 and 110 directions
Calcium fluoride
500
158.3
100 and 110 directions
Fused silica (Heraeus)
200
461
Random (small indentation)
500
486
Random (considerable chipping)
Magnesium oxide
600
692
Perpendicular to cleavage plane (some cracks appeared)
Crystal quartz
500
741
Random (measurements made on X and Z crystal faces—no difference noted)
Rutile
500
879
Random (some fracture)
1000
792
Random (some fracture)
Spinel
1000
1140
Random (some fracture)
Sapphire
1000
1370
Random (some fracture)
Table V
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion. (Units are 10−6 °C−1).
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