Use of a Monochromatic Colorimeter for the Study of Color Blindness

J. A. Van den Akker; J. Edward Todd; Philip Nolan; Willmer A. Wink

doi:10.1364/JOSA.37.000363

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 37,
Issue 5,
pp. 363-387
(1947)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.37.000363

Use of a Monochromatic Colorimeter for the Study of Color Blindness

J. A. Van den Akker, J. Edward Todd, Philip Nolan, and Willmer A. Wink

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J. A. Van den Akker, J. Edward Todd, Philip Nolan, and Willmer A. Wink, "Use of a Monochromatic Colorimeter for the Study of Color Blindness," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 363-387 (1947)

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Abstract

A method and apparatus are described which make it possible to classify accurately defective color vision and to study the limens, with regard to shape, size, and orientation, of any observer. The instrument, which is described in detail, employs the principle of monochromatic colorimetry. The experimental arrangement is such that instrumental readings may be plotted directly upon the I.C.I. chromaticity diagram, so that the limens may be explored during the period of actual testing. Limens have been obtained for seven observers and for five colors distributed around the chromaticity diagram. The limens are characteristic of the observer, and those established for the several observers exhibit large and interesting differences. One observer was found to be a deuteranope, two were anomalous trichromats in significantly different degrees, and the remaining four observers having “normal” color vision were found to differ appreciably in their limens. The method, which is too slow for routine testing, would seem to be of value in fundamental studies of both normal and abnormal color vision, and in the testing of observers whose occupations involve possible loss of life or valuable property through incorrect color discrimination. Some practical implications are discussed.

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Color	X	y	Dominant wavelength, mμ	Purity* %	Y. %
Red	0.635	0.331	620	77.1	27.7
Orange	0.622	0.362	604	89.3	56.0
Yellow-green	0.415	0.513	561	49.5	57.3
Blue-green	0.334	0.485	507	25.8	31.4
Blue	0.322	0.360	488	31.8	24.1

Observer		AB	BC	CD	DE	EF	FG	GH
Sex		M	M	F	F	M	M	M
Age		47	40	40	24	32	36	27
Plate	1	12	12	12	12	12	12	12
	2	8	8	8	8	3	3	3
	3	6	6	6	6	6	5	5
	4	5	5	5	5	2	2	2
	5	74	74	74	74	21	21	21
	6	2	2	2	2	B	B	B
	7	6	6	6	6	B	B	B
	8	5	5	5	5	B	B	B
	9	7	7	7	7	B	B	B
	10	B	B	B	B	5	5	5
	11	B	B	B	B	2	2	2
	12	26	26	26	26	2B	2B	26
	13	42	42	42	42	4B	4B	4B
	14	T	T	T	T	B	B	B
	15	T	T	T	T	B	B	B
	16	B	B	B	B	T	T	T

Observer		AB	BC	CD	DE	EF	FG	GH
Sex		M	M	F	F	M	M	M
Age		47	40	40	24	32	36	27
Plate	1	89	89	89	89	B	B	80
	2	43	43	43	43	B	43	43
	3	56	56	56	56	B	B	36
	4	27	27	27	27	B	2B	22
	5	8	8	8	8	8	8	3
	6	6	6	6	6	6	5	5
	7	39	39	39	39	B	B	B
	8	42	42	42	42	B	B	B
	9	56	56	56	56	B	B	B
	10	27	27	27	27	B	B	B
	11	29	29	29	29*	20	70	70
	12	57	57	57	57*	57	35	35
	13	86	86	86	86	86	B	B
	14	75	75	75	75	B	B	B
	15	7	7	7	7	7	7	7
	16	9	9	9	9	9	9	9
	17	25	25	25	25	B	B	B
	18	68	68	68	68	B	B	89
	19	5	5	5	5*	2	2	2
	20	3	3	3	3*	5	5	5
	21	97	97	97	97	B	B	97
	22	34	34	34	34	B	B	35
	23	56	56	56	56	B	B	B
	24	27	27	27	27	B	B	B
	25	12	12	12	12	12	12	12
	26	H	H	H	H	H	H	H
	27	89	89	89	89	B	B	B
	28	43	43	43	43	B	B	B
	29	86	86	86	86	B	B	B
	30	75	75	75	75	B	B	B
	31	52	52	52	52	52	62	B
	32	96	96	96	96	96	96	96
	33	B	B	B	B	B	45	45
	34	B	B	B	B	B	21	23
	35	T	T	T	T	T*	B	B
	36	T	T	T	T	B	B	B
	37	052	052	052	052*	B	B	B
	38	394	394	394	394*	B	B	B94
	39	23	23	23	23*	B	B	B
	40	65	65	65	65*	B	B	B
	41	15	15	15	15	15	17	17
	42	74	74	74	74	71	21	24
	43	47	47	47	47*	B	B	B
	44	98	98	98	98*	B	B	B
	45	B	B	B	B	B	T	T
	46	T	T	T	T	T	T	T

Observer	BC	CD	DE	EF	FG	GH
	Daylight
Observer	7	8	7	16	19	6	21*
Observer	E	F	E	M	P	A	P*
AB (Control observer)**	7	7	7	11	8	7	7
AB (Control observer)**	E	E	E	G	G	E	E
Difference	0	1	0	5	11	−1	14
Difference	0	1	0	6	9	−4	11
	Artificial Light
Observer	17	17	16	23	22	24
Observer	R	R	P	V	V	V
AB (Control observer)**	17	17	16	16	16	16
AB (Control observer)**	R	R	Q	Q	Q	P
Difference	0	0	0	7	6	8
Difference	0	0	1	5	5	6

Color	X	y	Dominant wavelength, mμ	Purity* %	Y. %
Red	0.635	0.331	620	77.1	27.7
Orange	0.622	0.362	604	89.3	56.0
Yellow-green	0.415	0.513	561	49.5	57.3
Blue-green	0.334	0.485	507	25.8	31.4
Blue	0.322	0.360	488	31.8	24.1

Abstract

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Figures (14)

Tables (4)

Equations (6)

Journal of the Optical Society of America