Abstract

The relationship for the conservation of energy in the photoelectron process is given by Eq. (1): <i>hv</i> = Φ_sp + <i>E</i>_b + <i>E</i>_k (1) where <i>hv</i> is the proton energy, Φ_sp the spectrometer work function, and <i>E</i>_b and <i>E</i>_k represent the binding energy and kinetic energy of the ejected electron. To measure accurately the binding energy, <i>E</i>_b, of an electron, it is necessary to know the instrumental work function, the energy of the exciting source, and the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. In most cases <i>hv</i> and Φ_sp are accurately known. <i>E</i>_k is determined with an electron energy analyzer. The analyzers in common use today determine <i>E</i>_k by electrostatic or magnetic dispersion. The McPherson ESCA-36 uses a spherical section, nonretarding potential electrostatic analyzer for which the following relation holds when relativistic effects are neglected: <i>E</i>_k = <i>KeV</i> (2) where <i>K</i> = 2<i>r/d</i> In the above equation <i>V</i> is the potential difference between the spheres, <i>K</i> is instrument constant, <i>r</i> the mean radius of the spheres, <i>e</i> the electron charge, and <i>d</i> the sphere separation.

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