Dora Juan Juan Hu and Ho Pui Ho, "Recent advances in plasmonic photonic crystal fibers: design, fabrication and applications," Adv. Opt. Photon. 9, 257-314 (2017)
Flexibility in engineering holey structures and controlling the wave
guiding properties in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has enabled a
wide variety of PCF-based plasmonic structures and devices with
attractive application potential. Metal thin films, nanowires, and
nanoparticles are embedded for achieving surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) or localized SPR within PCF structures. This paper begins with
an outline of plasmonic sensing principles. This is followed by an
overview of fabrication and experimental investigation of plasmonic
PCFs. Reported plasmonic PCF designs are categorized based on their
target application areas, including optical/biochemical sensors,
polarization splitters, and couplers. Finally, design and fabrication
considerations, as well as limitations due to the structural features
of PCFs, are discussed.
Pavel Cheben, Jens H. Schmid, Robert Halir, José Manuel Luque-González, J. Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez, Daniele Melati, and Carlos Alonso-Ramos Adv. Opt. Photon. 15(4) 1033-1105 (2023)
Dmitry V. Churkin, Srikanth Sugavanam, Ilya D. Vatnik, Zinan Wang, Evgenii V. Podivilov, Sergey A. Babin, Yunjiang Rao, and Sergei K. Turitsyn Adv. Opt. Photon. 7(3) 516-569 (2015)
Svetlana V. Boriskina, Thomas Alan Cooper, Lingping Zeng, George Ni, Jonathan K. Tong, Yoichiro Tsurimaki, Yi Huang, Laureen Meroueh, Gerald Mahan, and Gang Chen Adv. Opt. Photon. 9(4) 775-827 (2017)
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
High-pressure microfluidic
chemical deposition technique
5
Several centimeters
High temperature at 700°C,
high pressure, organic precursor, e.g.,
germane precursor at 2
MPa partial pressure in Ar was flowing at a total
pressure of 40 MPa
Silica PCF with silicone and
germanium microwires;the deposited material was
studied by Raman spectroscopy, and electrical
characterization was conducted on resistivity and
carrier type, mobility, and concentration.
High temperature, e.g.,
1100°C; high pressure, e.g., 60 bar
Silica PCF with single and
multiple sub-micrometer Au or Ag wires; the SPR
excitation and coupling from the fiber core mode was
characterized by transmission spectrum
measurement.
Silica PCF with multiple
sub-micrometer and micrometer Au wires;optical
transmission spectra were measured and showed dips at
wavelengths where guided surface plasmon modes on the
nanowire phase match to the glass core mode.
Intensity distribution of the
SPPs and the polarization characteristics in a PCF
with a gold nanowire array were measured using
scanning near-field optical microscopy.
A single
wire-filled and a double wire-filled PCF were measured
and showed polarization-dependent attenuation
spectra;polarization splitting was observed for the
double wire-filled PCF.
High pressure, e.g., 10–100
MPa; organic precursor, e.g., , ; high temperature, e.g.,
700°C
Conformal coating of
germanium, silicon in silica PCF; transconductance
measurements were carried out to characterize the
performance of the semiconductor structure fabricated
in the PCF.
Suspended core fiber with
silver coating; the angular position of SPR features
were measured for a slide with chemically deposited
silver and a slide coated using sputtering; the fiber
was not measured for SPR signal.
Precipitation of metallic
silver from ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
Exposed core silica fiber with
silver coating; performance of the sensor in terms of
its RI sensitivity and FWHM of SPR response were
experimentally investigated.
D-shaped silica PCF with gold
coating; the SPR field enhancement of the fiber sensor
was experimentally demonstrated with an improvement in
fluorescence emission intensity and higher sensitivity
in fluorescence spectroscopy.
Gold externally coated PCF;
the structure was experimentally demonstrated as a SPR
biosensor to monitor the binding kinetics of the IgG
(anti-IgG) complexes.
Gold coated on the cleaved end
of a tapered PCF; a white light was coupled into the
PCF side to produce an enhanced optical transmission
in the spectral domain through the plasmonic structure
at the tapered end.
The fibers were coated with different types of NPs, e.g.,
Au, Ag. The Au NP-coated SCF was tested for sensor
measurement.
The inner wall of the air holes was coated with protein
(analyte) first, followed by infiltration of SERS nanotag
solutions.
The SERS nanotag was constructed by absorbing malachite
green isothiocyanate (MGITC) molecule onto the gold NPs
followed by bioconjugation.
Table 4.
Simulated Performance of Metal-Coated Plasmonic PCF Sensors
Based on SPR for Aqueous Analyte RI Detection
The units of sensitivity are , nm/RIU, and deg/RIU/cm for
amplitude, wavelength, and phase interrogation,
respectively. Unless otherwise specified, the sensitivity
is calculated for the mode.
It is highly dependent on the order of the plasmonic peak,
the metal layer thickness, the fiber geometry, and the RI
of the analyte. The loss at the first peak of SPR
resonance for the lowest RI value in the detection range
is included in the table. In addition, the value of the
loss is indicative only as it varies with different metal
layer thickness.
The resolution is calculated by assuming that 1% of change
in the transmitted intensity or a 0.1 nm change in
resonance wavelength can be accurately and reliably
detected in amplitude or wavelength, respectively.
The diameter of the central hole is fixed at 0.2Λ in the
structure for the three interrogation methods.
This work about a nanowire embedded PCF is included in the
table to show the difference in loss as compared to
metal-coated PCF sensors.
The sensor length was 1.4 cm to provide a 130 dB loss in
the sensing region; a noise level of 0.2 deg was assumed
for the sensor.
Table 5.
Performance of the Plasmonic PCF Temperature Sensors
PCF Characteristics
Thermo-Optic
Coefficient ()
Temperature Range
(°C)
Sensitivity
(nm/°C)
FOM ()
References
Solid core PCF with Au NP
deposition on the inner wall of the air holes
Some of the values are not explicitly stated in the
paper; we report an estimated value based on the graph
presented in the work. The field is left empty if such
information is not available from the paper.
High-pressure microfluidic
chemical deposition technique
5
Several centimeters
High temperature at 700°C,
high pressure, organic precursor, e.g.,
germane precursor at 2
MPa partial pressure in Ar was flowing at a total
pressure of 40 MPa
Silica PCF with silicone and
germanium microwires;the deposited material was
studied by Raman spectroscopy, and electrical
characterization was conducted on resistivity and
carrier type, mobility, and concentration.
High temperature, e.g.,
1100°C; high pressure, e.g., 60 bar
Silica PCF with single and
multiple sub-micrometer Au or Ag wires; the SPR
excitation and coupling from the fiber core mode was
characterized by transmission spectrum
measurement.
Silica PCF with multiple
sub-micrometer and micrometer Au wires;optical
transmission spectra were measured and showed dips at
wavelengths where guided surface plasmon modes on the
nanowire phase match to the glass core mode.
Intensity distribution of the
SPPs and the polarization characteristics in a PCF
with a gold nanowire array were measured using
scanning near-field optical microscopy.
A single
wire-filled and a double wire-filled PCF were measured
and showed polarization-dependent attenuation
spectra;polarization splitting was observed for the
double wire-filled PCF.
High pressure, e.g., 10–100
MPa; organic precursor, e.g., , ; high temperature, e.g.,
700°C
Conformal coating of
germanium, silicon in silica PCF; transconductance
measurements were carried out to characterize the
performance of the semiconductor structure fabricated
in the PCF.
Suspended core fiber with
silver coating; the angular position of SPR features
were measured for a slide with chemically deposited
silver and a slide coated using sputtering; the fiber
was not measured for SPR signal.
Precipitation of metallic
silver from ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
Exposed core silica fiber with
silver coating; performance of the sensor in terms of
its RI sensitivity and FWHM of SPR response were
experimentally investigated.
D-shaped silica PCF with gold
coating; the SPR field enhancement of the fiber sensor
was experimentally demonstrated with an improvement in
fluorescence emission intensity and higher sensitivity
in fluorescence spectroscopy.
Gold externally coated PCF;
the structure was experimentally demonstrated as a SPR
biosensor to monitor the binding kinetics of the IgG
(anti-IgG) complexes.
Gold coated on the cleaved end
of a tapered PCF; a white light was coupled into the
PCF side to produce an enhanced optical transmission
in the spectral domain through the plasmonic structure
at the tapered end.
The fibers were coated with different types of NPs, e.g.,
Au, Ag. The Au NP-coated SCF was tested for sensor
measurement.
The inner wall of the air holes was coated with protein
(analyte) first, followed by infiltration of SERS nanotag
solutions.
The SERS nanotag was constructed by absorbing malachite
green isothiocyanate (MGITC) molecule onto the gold NPs
followed by bioconjugation.
Table 4.
Simulated Performance of Metal-Coated Plasmonic PCF Sensors
Based on SPR for Aqueous Analyte RI Detection
The units of sensitivity are , nm/RIU, and deg/RIU/cm for
amplitude, wavelength, and phase interrogation,
respectively. Unless otherwise specified, the sensitivity
is calculated for the mode.
It is highly dependent on the order of the plasmonic peak,
the metal layer thickness, the fiber geometry, and the RI
of the analyte. The loss at the first peak of SPR
resonance for the lowest RI value in the detection range
is included in the table. In addition, the value of the
loss is indicative only as it varies with different metal
layer thickness.
The resolution is calculated by assuming that 1% of change
in the transmitted intensity or a 0.1 nm change in
resonance wavelength can be accurately and reliably
detected in amplitude or wavelength, respectively.
The diameter of the central hole is fixed at 0.2Λ in the
structure for the three interrogation methods.
This work about a nanowire embedded PCF is included in the
table to show the difference in loss as compared to
metal-coated PCF sensors.
The sensor length was 1.4 cm to provide a 130 dB loss in
the sensing region; a noise level of 0.2 deg was assumed
for the sensor.
Table 5.
Performance of the Plasmonic PCF Temperature Sensors
PCF Characteristics
Thermo-Optic
Coefficient ()
Temperature Range
(°C)
Sensitivity
(nm/°C)
FOM ()
References
Solid core PCF with Au NP
deposition on the inner wall of the air holes
Some of the values are not explicitly stated in the
paper; we report an estimated value based on the graph
presented in the work. The field is left empty if such
information is not available from the paper.
Add to BibSonomy