Rapid Advances in Rapid Scan Spectroscopy

George C. Pimentel

doi:10.1364/AO.7.002155

Applied Optics
Vol. 7,
Issue 11,
pp. 2155-2160
(1968)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.7.002155

Rapid Advances in Rapid Scan Spectroscopy

George C. Pimentel

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George C. Pimentel, "Rapid Advances in Rapid Scan Spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 7, 2155-2160 (1968)

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Abstract

Rapid scan spectroscopy has burgeoned since 1960. The setting within which this rapid advance has Rapid occurred is reviewed, along with the combination of new problems and needed technological advances have combined to open this field. The various types of instruments now in use are surveyed, and a that comparison of performance characteristics for instruments now in use is presented.

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Detector	Spectral sensitivity (μ)	Peak D* $W^{- 1} cm {Hz}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 π sr)$	Operating temperature (°K)	Time constant (μsec)
PbS	0.5–4.5	2 × 10¹¹	77	1000
InAs (PV)^a	1.0–3.2	7 × 10¹¹	77	1–10
InSb (PV)^a	2–6	10¹¹	78	<1
InSb (PEM)^b	2–7	10⁷–10⁸	300	~0.01
PbSe	1–7	3 × 10¹⁰	77	10–50
PbTe	0.5–5.5	4.5 × 10⁹	77	10
AuGe	3–11	10¹⁰	77 or 60	~0.1
CuGe	8–30	2.5 × 10¹⁰	4	0.01
HgGe	4–14.5	2.8 × 10¹⁰	22	0.1
ZnGe	10–40	10¹⁰	4 or 20	~0.1
HgCdTe	6–14	~10¹⁰	77
PbSnTe	6–14	~10¹⁰	77

				Typical scan parameters

Authors	Scan method	Spect. optics	Spectral range	Range	Time	Resolution	Repetition interval	Applications
uv–visible, rotating mirror
Buchhave, Church11	exit slit sweep	Czerny-Turner	2000–12000 Å	2000–8000 Å	70 μsec	2 cm⁻¹	100 μsec	pulsed lamps, pulsed Xe plasma, excited state absorption
Hill12	Littrow	off-axis paraboloid	uv–vis.	400 Å	5 μsec	8 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	pulsed Xe, H₂ plasmas
Croce, DeBiase17	grating rotation	collimating lens, plane grating	visible	20 Å	10 msec	0.1 cm⁻¹	(~1) sec	solar spectroscopy
Dmitrievsky9	triple Littrow	—	uv–vis.	1000 Å	30 μsec	—	—	electron transfer reactions
Grabowski18et al.	—	double beam	3000–7500 Å	3500 Å	40 msec	—	—	flash photolysis
Interferometers
Greig, Cooper13	plate separation	Fabry-Perot etalon	uv–vis.	30 Å	0. 3 μsec	~5 cm⁻¹	2 μsec	pulsed plasmas
Bradley19	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	100 μsec	<0.1 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	isotope abundance rapidly, varying discharge sources
Ramsey20	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	50 Å	1000 μsec	—	1000 μsec	—
Kandyba et al.21	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	1000 μsec	—	—	—
Koloshnikov et al.22	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	10–20 μsec	—	—	—
Infrared spectrometers
Hexter, Hand,7,16	telescope, Littrow	Prism, Littrow mirror	2–15 μ	1000 cm⁻¹	10 μsec	5 cm⁻¹	50 μsec	flash photolysis, kinetics of transients
Herr,1,6,^a Pimentel Lefohn	Littrow	Littrow Grating	2–20 μ	200 cm⁻¹	200 μsec	1.5 cm⁻¹	5000 μsec	flash photolysis, free radical kinetics
Brabov, Tourin10	exit slit sweep	Ebert	2500 Å–14.5 μ	50–100 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	2 cm⁻¹	1200 μsec	phosphorescence kinetics
Camm, Taylor, Lynch15	exit slit sweep	Ebert	2–6 μ	300 cm⁻¹	20 μsec	40 cm⁻¹	—	shock tube emission
Miscellaneous techniques
Baker, Steed14	electronic scan image converter	Czerny-Turner	6000–10000 Å	—	100 μsec	100 cm⁻¹	160 μsec	nuclear explosions
Malyshev,23et al.	image converter	Fabry-Perot etalon	uv–vis.	—	<10 μsec	—	—	pulsed plasmas
Delhaye24	image converter	Raman	(2–100 μ)	200 cm⁻¹	200 msec	5 cm⁻¹	200 msec	reaction kinetics
Shepherd25et al.	spatial scan	Fabry-Perot fiber optics, multichannel	uv–vis.	a few cm⁻¹	(msec) ?	<0. 1	(msec) ?	auroral and air glows
Hirschberg26	multichannel mirrors	Fabry-Perot concentric mirrors, multichannel	uv–vis.	6 cm⁻¹	<5 μsec	<0.1 cm⁻¹	—	plasmas

Detector	Spectral sensitivity (μ)	Peak D* $W^{- 1} cm {Hz}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 π sr)$	Operating temperature (°K)	Time constant (μsec)
PbS	0.5–4.5	2 × 10¹¹	77	1000
InAs (PV)^a	1.0–3.2	7 × 10¹¹	77	1–10
InSb (PV)^a	2–6	10¹¹	78	<1
InSb (PEM)^b	2–7	10⁷–10⁸	300	~0.01
PbSe	1–7	3 × 10¹⁰	77	10–50
PbTe	0.5–5.5	4.5 × 10⁹	77	10
AuGe	3–11	10¹⁰	77 or 60	~0.1
CuGe	8–30	2.5 × 10¹⁰	4	0.01
HgGe	4–14.5	2.8 × 10¹⁰	22	0.1
ZnGe	10–40	10¹⁰	4 or 20	~0.1
HgCdTe	6–14	~10¹⁰	77
PbSnTe	6–14	~10¹⁰	77

				Typical scan parameters

Authors	Scan method	Spect. optics	Spectral range	Range	Time	Resolution	Repetition interval	Applications
uv–visible, rotating mirror
Buchhave, Church11	exit slit sweep	Czerny-Turner	2000–12000 Å	2000–8000 Å	70 μsec	2 cm⁻¹	100 μsec	pulsed lamps, pulsed Xe plasma, excited state absorption
Hill12	Littrow	off-axis paraboloid	uv–vis.	400 Å	5 μsec	8 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	pulsed Xe, H₂ plasmas
Croce, DeBiase17	grating rotation	collimating lens, plane grating	visible	20 Å	10 msec	0.1 cm⁻¹	(~1) sec	solar spectroscopy
Dmitrievsky9	triple Littrow	—	uv–vis.	1000 Å	30 μsec	—	—	electron transfer reactions
Grabowski18et al.	—	double beam	3000–7500 Å	3500 Å	40 msec	—	—	flash photolysis
Interferometers
Greig, Cooper13	plate separation	Fabry-Perot etalon	uv–vis.	30 Å	0. 3 μsec	~5 cm⁻¹	2 μsec	pulsed plasmas
Bradley19	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	100 μsec	<0.1 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	isotope abundance rapidly, varying discharge sources
Ramsey20	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	50 Å	1000 μsec	—	1000 μsec	—
Kandyba et al.21	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	1000 μsec	—	—	—
Koloshnikov et al.22	plate separation	Fabry-Perot	uv–vis.	—	10–20 μsec	—	—	—
Infrared spectrometers
Hexter, Hand,7,16	telescope, Littrow	Prism, Littrow mirror	2–15 μ	1000 cm⁻¹	10 μsec	5 cm⁻¹	50 μsec	flash photolysis, kinetics of transients
Herr,1,6,^a Pimentel Lefohn	Littrow	Littrow Grating	2–20 μ	200 cm⁻¹	200 μsec	1.5 cm⁻¹	5000 μsec	flash photolysis, free radical kinetics
Brabov, Tourin10	exit slit sweep	Ebert	2500 Å–14.5 μ	50–100 cm⁻¹	1000 μsec	2 cm⁻¹	1200 μsec	phosphorescence kinetics
Camm, Taylor, Lynch15	exit slit sweep	Ebert	2–6 μ	300 cm⁻¹	20 μsec	40 cm⁻¹	—	shock tube emission
Miscellaneous techniques
Baker, Steed14	electronic scan image converter	Czerny-Turner	6000–10000 Å	—	100 μsec	100 cm⁻¹	160 μsec	nuclear explosions
Malyshev,23et al.	image converter	Fabry-Perot etalon	uv–vis.	—	<10 μsec	—	—	pulsed plasmas
Delhaye24	image converter	Raman	(2–100 μ)	200 cm⁻¹	200 msec	5 cm⁻¹	200 msec	reaction kinetics
Shepherd25et al.	spatial scan	Fabry-Perot fiber optics, multichannel	uv–vis.	a few cm⁻¹	(msec) ?	<0. 1	(msec) ?	auroral and air glows
Hirschberg26	multichannel mirrors	Fabry-Perot concentric mirrors, multichannel	uv–vis.	6 cm⁻¹	<5 μsec	<0.1 cm⁻¹	—	plasmas

Abstract

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Figures (3)

Tables (2)

Applied Optics