Standoff monitoring of aqueous aerosols using nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: droplet size and matrix effects

Luis Alonso Álvarez-Trujillo; Violeta Lazic; Javier Moros; J. Javier Laserna

doi:10.1364/AO.56.003773

Applied Optics
Vol. 56,
Issue 13,
pp. 3773-3782
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.003773

Standoff monitoring of aqueous aerosols using nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: droplet size and matrix effects

Luis Alonso Álvarez-Trujillo, Violeta Lazic, Javier Moros, and J. Javier Laserna

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Luis Alonso Álvarez-Trujillo, Violeta Lazic, Javier Moros, and J. Javier Laserna, "Standoff monitoring of aqueous aerosols using nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: droplet size and matrix effects," Appl. Opt. 56, 3773-3782 (2017)

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Abstract

Nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been examined for the analysis of suspended matter in a free stream of air. The real-time monitoring of this scenario poses major challenges for an accurate categorization due to its changing characteristics such as composition, size, and density of particles. The effects of particle size and matrix in the optical emission responses registered from such scenarios have been evaluated. Distant (10 m) plasmas of saline solutions, containing either NaCl or ${Na}_{2} {SO}_{4}$ at different concentrations, have been induced by nanosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The effects of the droplet size and its concentration on differences in the laser-induced breakdown probability, the intensity of the characteristic lines, and the plasma emission continuum have been discussed. The quantification of sodium in distant water droplets has been proved. However, an initial knowledge on the average droplet size is required. The average droplet size could be determined from the slope of H I and O I lines versus the continuum plasma emission, which is only weakly influenced by the salt content in the droplets.

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NaCl (ppm)	${Na}^{+}$ (ppm)	${Na}_{2} {SO}_{4}$ (ppm)	${Na}^{+}$ (ppm)
30000^a	11700^a	13500^a	4320^a
10000	3900	10000	3200
1000	390	1000	320
500	195	500	160
100	39	100	32
50	19.5	50	16
20	7.8	20	6.4
10	3.9	10	3.2
5	1.95	5	1.6

Diameter (μm)	$d_{in} / d_{out}$
1.0	1.94
2.0	1.93
3.4	1.90
5.0	1.87
14.0	1.72

Emission Wavelength (nm)	Element	Excitation Energy $E_{i}$ (eV)^a	Transition Probability $A_{i j}$ ( $10^{7} s^{- 1}$ )^a
588.995	Na(I)	2.104	6.16
589.592	Na(I)	2.102	6.14
486.136	H(I)– $H_{β}$ –	12.748	2.06
656.285	H(I)– $H_{α}$ –	12.087	6.46
715.670	O(I)	14.460	5.05
742.364	N(I)	11.995	0.59
744.229	N(I)	11.995	1.24
746.831	N(I)	11.995	1.93

Spraying	Average Droplet	$Slope \pm Error$
Pressure (psi)	Diameter (μm)	NaCl	$N a_{2} S O_{4}$
5	3.4	$2.64 \pm 0.12$	$2.5 \pm 0.5$
15	2.0	$3.45 \pm 0.25$	$3.4 \pm 0.5$
35	1.0	$4.35 \pm 0.15$	$4.5 \pm 0.5$

		$τ - s_{τ}$
	Emission	NaCl		${Na}_{2} {SO}_{4}$
psi	Signal	First	Second	First	Second
5	$H_{α}$	$0.75 \pm 0.07$		$2.3 \pm 0.2$
	Na	$0.9 \pm 0.3$	$29.3 \pm 1.5$	$1.6 \pm 0.2$	$58 \pm 8$
15	$H_{α}$	$0.77 \pm 0.06$		$1.26 \pm 0.17$
	Na	$1.5 \pm 0.3$	$29.6 \pm 1.7$	$0.7 \pm 0.2$	$58 \pm 4$
35	$H_{α}$	$0.61 \pm 0.13$		$1.23 \pm 0.12$
	Na	$0.79 \pm 0.16$	$29.6 \pm 1.7$	$1.0 \pm 0.2$	$45 \pm 4$

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Applied Optics