Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring

Akihiko Kuze; Hiroshi Suto; Masakatsu Nakajima; Takashi Hamazaki

doi:10.1364/AO.48.006716

Applied Optics
Vol. 48,
Issue 35,
pp. 6716-6733
(2009)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.48.006716

Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring

Akihiko Kuze, Hiroshi Suto, Masakatsu Nakajima, and Takashi Hamazaki

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Akihiko Kuze, Hiroshi Suto, Masakatsu Nakajima, and Takashi Hamazaki, "Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring," Appl. Opt. 48, 6716-6733 (2009)

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Abstract

The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) monitors carbon dioxide ( ${CO}_{2}$ ) and methane ( ${CH}_{4}$ ) globally from space using two instruments. The Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects gas absorption spectra of the solar short wave infrared (SWIR) reflected on the Earth’s surface as well as of the thermal infrared radiated from the ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS is capable of detecting three narrow bands (0.76, 1.6, and $2.0 μm$ ) and a wide band ( $5.5 - 14.3 μm$ ) with $0.2 {cm}^{- 1}$ spectral resolution (interval). The TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) is an ultraviolet (UV), visible, near infrared, and SWIR radiometer designed to detect cloud and aerosol interference and to provide the data for their correction. GOSAT is placed in a sun-synchronous orbit $666 km$ at 13:00 local time, with an inclination angle of $98 °$ . A brief overview of the GOSAT project, scientific requirements, instrument designs, hardware performance, on-orbit operation, and data processing is provided.

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Type of orbit	Sun-synchronized sub-recurrent orbit
Altitude of orbit	$666 \pm 0.6 km$
Inclination angle of orbit	$98.0 ° \pm 0.1 °$
Period	$98.1 \min$
Number of rotations per day	$14 + 2 / 3$
Number of rotations until recurrence	44
Local solar time	13:00 $\pm 15 \min$

Fore optics	Pointing mechanism, cross track: $\pm 35 °$
	Along track: $\pm 20 °$
Spectrometer	Monitor camera
	Double pendulum interferometer
	Maximum optical path difference: $\pm 2.5 cm$ (both sides)
	Aperture: $68 mm$
	Scan speed (one way): 1.1, 2, and $4 s$ / interferogram
	Data acquisition: both directions (forward and reverse scans)
After-optics	Instantaneous field of view: $15.8 mrad$ ( $10.5 km$ on the ground at nadir)
	Band 1	Band 2	Band 3	Band 4
Spectral range ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	12900–13200	5800–6400	4800–5200	700–1800
Polarization	2	2	2	N/A
Detector	Si	InGaAs	InGaAs	PC-MCT
SNR (requirement)^a	$> 300$	$> 300$	$> 300$	$> 300$

Optics (focal length)	$45.5 mm$
Aperture	$5 mm$
Detector	2 dimensional CCD (1,300,000 pixels)
VGA mode	640 by 480 frame rate $> 5 fps$ (frames per second)
SXGA mode	1280 by 1024 frame rate $> 5 fps$
IFOV	$< 100 m$
FOV	$> 2.58 °$

Optics^a	Three telescopes with refractive optics
	Band 1	Band 2	Band 3	Band 4
Center wavelength ( $μm$ )	0.380	0.674	0.870	1.600
Spectral bandwidth ( $μm$ )	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.090
Spatial resolution (IFOV) (km) at nadir	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.5
Detector	Si	Si	Si	InGaAs
Number of pixels	2048	2048	2048	512
SNR (requirement)	$> 200$	$> 200$	$> 200$	$> 200$
Cross track swath (deg)	$\pm 36.1$	$\pm 36.1$	$\pm 36.1$	$\pm 30.0$

	Frequency
TANSO-FTS
Radiometric
Solar Irradiance (front diffuser plate) for bands 1P, S, 2P, S, 3P, S	Every orbit
Solar Irradiance (back diffuser plate) for bands 1P, S, 2P, S, 3P, S	Monthly
Blackbody	4 times per orbit
Deep space	4 times per orbit
Lunar	Annually
Spectroscopic
Instrument line shape function with the diode laser	Monthly
Geometric
With the monitor camera	Initial checkout phase
TANSO-CAI
Radiometric
Dark level	Irregular
Lunar	Annually

On orbit
Level 1A: interferogram HDF5 format
Level 1B : spectra HDF5 format
Level 2: column density HDF5 format	$X {CO}_{2} = 8 \times 10^{21} / {cm}^{2}$ (example) $X {CH}_{4} = 4 \times 10^{19} / {cm}^{2}$ (example)
Level 3 : Global distribution HDF5 format
Level 4: Source and sink inversion NetCDF format

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Applied Optics