CO<sub>2</sub> laser-based differential absorption lidar system for
range-resolved and long-range detection of chemical vapor plumes

Clinton B. Carlisle; Jan E. van der Laan; Lewis W. Carr; Philippe Adam; Jean-Pierre Chiaroni

doi:10.1364/AO.34.006187

Applied Optics
Vol. 34,
Issue 27,
pp. 6187-6200
(1995)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.34.006187

CO₂ laser-based differential absorption lidar system for range-resolved and long-range detection of chemical vapor plumes

Clinton B. Carlisle, Jan E. van der Laan, Lewis W. Carr, Philippe Adam, and Jean-Pierre Chiaroni

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Clinton B. Carlisle, Jan E. van der Laan, Lewis W. Carr, Philippe Adam, and Jean-Pierre Chiaroni, "CO₂ laser-based differential absorption lidar system for range-resolved and long-range detection of chemical vapor plumes," Appl. Opt. 34, 6187-6200 (1995)

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Abstract

A dual CO₂ laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system has been constructed and demonstrated for range-resolved mapping of chemical vapor plumes. The system acquires high range resolution through the use of plasma-shutter pulse clippers that extinguish the nitrogen tail of the CO₂-laser output. A programmable servomotor-driven scanner allows full hemispherical coverage of the interrogated field. A high-speed direct-detection receiver subsystem is used to gather, process, and display vapor-concentration data in near real time. Data demonstrating range-resolved detection of low concentrations of chemical plumes from ranges of 1 to 2 km are presented. In the column-content detection mode, trace levels of secondary vapors from various organophosphate liquids were monitored. Detection of an SF₆ vapor plume released 16 km from the DIAL system is also adduced.

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Parameter	Specification
Vehicle and associated equipment
Vehicle	DAF Diesel
Generator	55 kW
Climate control	15 kW
Transmit and receiver subsystem
Transmit module
Lasers	Two tunable, pulsed, TEA CO₂ lasers
Pulse width	Clipped with plasma shutter to 130 to 160 ns (FWHM)
Energy	1.2 J in gain-switched spike on 10P(20)
Repetition rate	10 Hz
Wavelength	9.2 to 10.8 μm
Beam divergence	3 to 5 mrad (full angle)
Tuning	Manual for two lasers
Receiver module
Telescope	457 mm, f/2.5
Field of view	5 mrad (with f/0.57 field lens)
Detector	HgCdTe photovoltaic, liquid nitrogen cooled
Scanner module
Horizontal travel	360°
Vertical travel	180°
Horizontal speed	30°/s
Data acquisition and recording subsystem
Computer	VAXstation 3100
Language	FORTRAN 77
Data acquisition	Tektronix RTD710A
Interfaces	IEEE-488, RS-232, IEEE-488 to SCSI
Digitization	100 MHz, 10bit
Recorder	Cipher 9-track magnetic tape drive (Digital Equipment Corporation supported)

Parameter	Specification
Laser medium	CO₂ TEA laser
Pulse width	130-ns gain-switched spike on 10P(20)
Energy
Multimode (stable cavity)	5 J [at 10P(20)]
Grating tuned (stable cavity)	4 J [at 10P(20)] multimode
Peak power	12 MW
Maximum PRF	10 Hz
Wavelength	9 to 11 μm
Pulse width	50 to 100 ns FWHM with 3.0-μs tail
Beam cross section (multimode)	30 mm × 30 mm
Divergence (multimode)	<3.5 mrad (full angle) with a 30-m radius of curvature front optic (stable cavity) and intracavity aperture
Jitter of discharge circuit	±5 ns for 90% of shots with laser firing at 10 Hz with respect to external command
Dimensions	1200 mm × 710 mm × 495 mm
Weight	160 kg
Input services	110 VAC, 60 Hz, 16 A with voltage taps, making the laser suitable for operation at 220 V, 50 Hz at a future date
Water flow rate	2 L/min
Premixed gas (%)
He	82
CO₂	8
N₂	8
CO	2
Gas flow rate	40 cm³/min

Parameter	Specification
Clear aperture	457 mm diameter
Position motion	Azimuth 0° to 360°, elevation 0° to +180°
Pointing resolution	0.01° (174 μrad)
Velocity	5 rpm (30°/s)
Acceleration	15°/s² (maximum)
Drive	dc motor
Control	Manual hand paddle (CW, CCW, EL+, EL−) automatic computer-programmed scans ^a
Interface	RS-232 16-bit parallel

Event	Time	Description
1	14:18	ADEDIS begins collecting data
2	14:28	Begin 5-min background data
3	14:33	Injection of 20 μL of TEP
4	14:38	Injection of 50 μL of TEP
5	14:43	Injection of 100 μL of TEP
6	14:48	Injection of 250 μL of TEP
7	14:53	Begin 5-min air wash of chamber
8	15:09	Conclude data collection

Injection of TEP (μL)	CL Measured by ADEDIS (mg/m²)	CL Calculated from Eq. (1) (mg/m²)	CL Measured by FID (mg/m²)
20	2.4	2.4	2.5
50	8.3	6.0	5.4
100	15.3	12.0	11.9
250	31.9	30.0	21.6

Parameter	Symbol	Value
Laser output energy (clipped)	E _T	0.7 J
Number of effective pulse averages per line of sight	N	100
Photodetector detectivity	D*	6 × 10¹⁰ (cm Hz^1/2)/W
Volume backscatter coefficient	β	3 × 10⁻⁸ m⁻¹ sr⁻¹
Optical transfer efficiency	η _o	0.65 (measured)
Atmospheric transmission	exp(−2δ)	0.9
Receiver telescope area	A	0.15 m²
Photodetector area	A _d	3.1 × 10⁻² cm²
Electronic detection band-width	B	8 × 10⁶ Hz

Parameter	Symbol	Value
Transmitted peak laser output	P _t	5 × 10⁶ W
Laser divergence (full angle)	θ _D	3.2 mrad
Surface reflectivity	ρ	10⁻³ sr⁻¹
Receiver telescope area	A	0.15 m²
Optical efficiency of transmitter	η _o	0.65
Atmospheric-transmission factor	exp(−2δ)	0.1
Range to target	R	16 km

Abstract

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Tables (7)

Equations (11)

Applied Optics