Atmospheric transmittances for the AVHRR channels

R. W. Saunders; D. P. Edwards

doi:10.1364/AO.28.004154

Applied Optics
Vol. 28,
Issue 19,
pp. 4154-4160
(1989)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.28.004154

Atmospheric transmittances for the AVHRR channels

R. W. Saunders and D. P. Edwards

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R. W. Saunders and D. P. Edwards, "Atmospheric transmittances for the AVHRR channels," Appl. Opt. 28, 4154-4160 (1989)

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Abstract

Vertical path atmospheric transmittances from the surface to the top of the atmosphere have been computed for the five channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Gaseous absorption computed from a line-by-line transmittance model and both molecular and aerosol scattering are included. Contributions from all gases with any significant absorption in each channel are listed together with transmittance spectra for the more important absorbers in each channel. The transmittance in channels 1 and 2 is dominated by aerosol scattering which is dependent on both aerosol type and concentration. For channel 3 water vapor line absorption is the principal component with water vapor continuum absorption and aerosol scattering having a smaller but significant affect. The absorption due to other minor atmospheric constituents (i.e. CH₄, N₂O and N₂) is also significant in this channel. For channels 4 and 5 water vapor continuum absorption dominates. Other atmospheric constituents having a significant absorption in these channels are CO₂, HNO₃, and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) F11 and F12. The latter two only have a small effect on both channels at present but as the concentration of CFCs is increasing at ∼ 5%/year this will increase significantly with time.

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Gases for line by line calculation	H₂O, CO₂, O₃, N₂O, CH₄, HNO₃, NH₃, OCS, O₂, C₂H₆, HCl, H₂CO. All lines included within 25 cm⁻¹ of frequency range limits

Gases for continuum calculation	H₂O, CO₂, N₂

Other gases included as measured cross-sections	CFCl₃ (F11), CF₂Cl₂ (F12)

Line shape assumed	Voigt

Frequency ranges of calculation	790 – 1000 cm⁻¹, 2400 – 2950 cm⁻¹, 9300 – 14700 cm⁻¹

Frequency interval for calculation	0.05 cm⁻¹

Boundaries of atmosphere layers	0 – 3.3 km in 0.3 km layers
	3.3 – 10.9 km in 0.4 km layers
	10.9 – 24.5 km in 1.7 km layers
	24.5 – 65 km in layers about 2 km thick

Model Atmosphere	For H₂O, US standard, tropical, mid-lat winter, mid-lat summer, sub-arctic winter. For remainder, U.S. standard atmosphere

Filter response functions	NOAA 9 channels 2, 3, 4 and 5

Gases	Total column amounts molcc/cm²	Source

H₂O	4.78 × 10²²	U.S. Standard¹²
	13.04 × 10²²	Tropical¹²
	9.90 × 10²²	Mid-lat summer¹²
	2.87 × 10²²	Mid-lat winter¹²
	1.40 × 10²²	Sub-arctic winter¹²
CO₂	7.11 × 10²¹	U.S. Standard¹²
O₃	9.28 × 10¹⁸	U.S. Standard¹²
N₂O	6.61 × 10¹⁸	U.S. Standard¹²
CH₄	3.55 × 10¹⁹	U.S. Standard¹²
O₂	4.50 × 10²⁴	U.S. Standard¹²
NH₃	4.73 × 10¹⁵	U.S. Standard¹²
HNO₃	9.85 × 10¹⁵	U.S. Standard¹²
OCS	1.11 × 10¹⁶	U.S. Standard¹²
C₂H₆	3.39 × 10¹⁶	U.S. Standard¹²
HCl	8.07 × 10¹⁵	U.S. Standard¹²
H₂CO	7.62 × 10¹⁵	U.S. Standard¹²
N₂	1.68 × 10²⁵	U.S. Standard¹²
CFCl₃ (F11)	4.89 × 10¹⁵	WCRP¹³
CF₂Cl₂ (F12)	8.43 × 10¹⁵	WCRP¹³

AVHRR Channel Numbers					Atmosphere
Absorber	2	3	4	5	Atmosphere
H₂O	0.9562	0.9009	0.9057	0.8436	U.S. Standard

	0.9120	0.7773	0.5828	0.4308	Tropical
	0.9277	0.8255	0.7293	0.6047	Mid-lat summer
	0.9689	0.9348	0.9504	0.9129	Mid-lat winter
0.9826	0.9658	0.9820	0.9663	Sub-arctic winter

CO₂	1.0	0.9990	0.9854	0.9960	U.S. Standard

O₃	1.0	0.9990	0.9997	0.9998	U.S. Standard

N₂O	1.0	0.9794	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

CH₄	1.0	0.9770	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

O₂	0.9790	1.0	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

NH₃	1.0	1.0	0.9995	0.9998	U.S. Standard

HNO₃	1.0	1.0	0.9987	0.9988	U.S. Standard

OCS	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9998	U.S. Standard

C₂H₆	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9996	U.S. Standard

HCl	1.0	0.9999	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

H₂CO	1.0	0.9996	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

N₂	1.0	0.9927	1.0	1.0	U.S. Standard

CFCl₃	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9948	U.S. Standard

CF₂Cl₂	1.0	1.0	0.9936	0.9994	U.S. Standard

Total	0.9361	0.8536	0.8849	0.8335	U.S. Standard

		AVHRR Channel Numbers

Mechanism	Contributor	1	2	3	4	5

Gaseous Absorption	H₂O lines	1.0	0.96	0.92	0.97	0.94
	H₂O continuum	1.0	1.0	0.98	0.93	0.90
	Mixed Gases	1.0	0.98	0.95	0.98	0.99
	O₃	0.97*	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
	CFCs	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.99	0.99

Scattering	Rayleigh Aerosol maritime urban	0.94†	0.98	1.0	1.0	1.0
		0.93	0.94	0.97	0.99	0.99
		0.42	0.56	0.93	0.97	0.97

Total	maritime urban	0.85	0.86	0.83	0.87	0.82
Total	maritime urban	0.38	0.52	0.80	0.85	0.80

Species	Brightness Temperature Deficits
Species	3	4	5

H₂O	0.79	0.83	1.51

CO₂	0.02	0.25	0.07

O₃	0.01	0.01	0.01

CH₄	0.28	-	-

N₂O	0.45	-	-

HNO₃	-	0.06	0.05

N₂	0.13	-

F11	-	-	0.15

F12	-	0.18	0.03

Abstract

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Applied Optics