Meteorological influence on aerosol extinction in the 0.2–40-μm wavelength range

Bertil Nilsson

doi:10.1364/AO.18.003457

Applied Optics
Vol. 18,
Issue 20,
pp. 3457-3473
(1979)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.003457

Meteorological influence on aerosol extinction in the 0.2–40-μm wavelength range

Bertil Nilsson

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Bertil Nilsson, "Meteorological influence on aerosol extinction in the 0.2–40-μm wavelength range," Appl. Opt. 18, 3457-3473 (1979)

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Abstract

The aerosol extinction in various weather situations is calculated from Mie theory by use of an aerosol model which starts from dry particles. The particle size distribution and refractive index are adapted to actual air humidity by use of a growth factor, r/r_o, which is derived according to the theory of the relationship between relative humidity and the equilibrium radius of an aqueous solution droplet. It is shown that the particle number concentration in different size ranges has a dominating influence on the relation between the IR aerosol transmission and the meteorological visibility. Variations in air humidity affect the aerosol extinction mainly through modification of the particle size distribution. The effect on extinction due to the humidity influence on refractive index is proved to be of less importance.

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Electrolyte	RH* (%)	Mass fraction (%)
LiCl	13	2.5
CaCl₂	18	2.5
MgCl₂	33	2.5
Zn(NO₃)₂	45	2.5
NH₄NO₃	62	5
NaNO₃	74	5
NaCl	76	5
NH₄Cl	77	5
(NH₄)₂SO₄	80	50
KCl	85	5
Na₂SO₄	86	5
MgSO₄	91	5
KNO₃	92	5

Aerosol type	Type of growth factor (Table VII)	(1) Mass fractions				(2) Parameter values

		Water soluble	Water insoluble	Sea salt	Soot	E	ρ_s (g/cm³)	ρ_o (g/cm³)	M_s	b
Nuclei mode	1	0.8	0.2			0.8	2.0	2.2	100	20
Accumulation mode
Rural, average^a	2	0.7	0.3			0.7	2.0	2.2	100	20
Normal, mode average	3	0.8	0.2			0.8	2.0	2.2	100	20
Anthropogenic	4	0.6	0.1		0.3	0.6	2.0	2.1	100	20
Coarse particle mode
Normal, mode average	5	0.4	0.6			0.4	2.0	2.65	100	20
Normal, soluble particles	6	0.8	0.2			0.8	2.0	2.2	100	20
Normal, soluble fraction	7	1.0				1.0	2.0	2.0	100	20
Maritime, arctic	8	0.2	0.3	0.5		0.7	2.1	2.4	66.3	25.4
Maritime, Atlantic	9	0.4	0.4	0.2		0.6	2.05	2.45	80.8	22.5
Maritime, soluble fraction	10	0.3		0.7		1.0	2.12	2.12	66.77	25.4
Sea salt (NaCl)	11			1.0		1.0	2.17	2.17	58.45	27.6
Rural, average^a	12	0.7	0.3			0.7	2.0	2.2	100	20

Wavelength (μm)	Water soluble fraction		Water insoluble fraction		Sea salt		Soot		Water
0.2000	1.530	0.070	1.530	0.070	1.450	0.000			1.396	0.000
0.2500	1.530	0.030	1.530	0.030	1.450	0.000			1.362	0.000
0.3000	1.530	0.008	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000			1.349	0.000
0.3371	1.530	0.005	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000			1.345	0.000
0.4880	1.530	0.005	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.560	0.490	1.335	0.000
0.5145	1.530	0.005	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.560	0.490	1.334	0.000
0.5500	1.530	0.005	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.570	0.500	1.333	0.000
0.6328	1.530	0.006	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.570	0.480	1.332	0.000
0.6943	1.530	0.007	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.570	0.480	1.331	0.000
0.7000	1.530	0.007	1.530	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.570	0.480	1.331	0.000
0.8000	1.524	0.010	1.524	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.570	0.480	1.329	0.000
0.8600	1.520	0.012	1.520	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.580	0.490	1.329	0.000
0.9100	1.520	0.013	1.520	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.590	0.510	1.328	0.000
1.0600	1.520	0.017	1.520	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.610	0.540	1.326	0.000
1.1300	1.519	0.018	1.502	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.620	0.540	1.325	0.000
1.5360	1.510	0.023	1.400	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.660	0.570	1.318	0.000
1.7000	1.478	0.018	1.351	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.680	0.580	1.315	0.000
2.0000	1.420	0.008	1.260	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.720	0.600	1.306	0.001
2.1600	1.420	0.009	1.234	0.008	1.450	0.000	1.740	0.610	1.298	0.000
2.4000	1.420	0.011	1.196	0.009	1.450	0.000	1.770	0.620	1.279	0.001
2.5000	1.420	0.012	1.180	0.009	1.425	0.007	1.780	0.620	1.261	0.002
2.6000	1.410	0.034	1.180	0.011	1.414	0.009	1.790	0.610	1.242	0.003
2.7000	1.400	0.055	1.180	0.013	1.410	0.012	1.790	0.610	1.188	0.019
2.8000	1.407	0.044	1.173	0.013	1.418	0.014	1.800	0.610	1.142	0.115
2.9500	1.417	0.027	1.163	0.012	1.527	0.006	1.810	0.610	1.292	0.298
3.0000	1.420	0.022	1.160	0.012	1.607	0.005	1.820	0.600	1.371	0.272
3.1500	1.428	0.011	1.205	0.011	1.520	0.003	1.820	0.590	1.483	0.135
3.2000	1.430	0.008	1.220	0.010	1.509	0.002	1.820	0.590	1.478	0.092
3.3923	1.430	0.007	1.260	0.013	1.489	0.002	1.830	0.570	1.422	0.021
3.5000	1.450	0.005	1.280	0.011	1.485	0.002	1.830	0.570	1.400	0.009
3.7500	1.452	0.004	1.270	0.011	1.476	0.001	1.840	0.590	1.369	0.004
3.8000	1.453	0.004	1.268	0.011	1.474	0.001	1.840	0.590	1.364	0.003
4.0000	1.455	0.005	1.260	0.012	1.476	0.002	1.850	0.600	1.351	0.005
4.5000	1.460	0.013	1.260	0.014	1.486	0.004	1.850	0.580	1.332	0.013
4.7300	1.455	0.014	1.251	0.016	1.478	0.003	1.850	0.580	1.330	0.016
5.0000	1.450	0.016	1.240	0.018	1.465	0.003	1.850	0.570	1.325	0.012
5.3000	1.444	0.017	1.228	0.020	1.449	0.003	1.870	0.540	1.312	0.010
5.5000	1.440	0.018	1.220	0.021	1.439	0.003	1.900	0.530	1.298	0.012
5.9000	1.416	0.022	1.164	0.034	1.423	0.011	1.950	0.500	1.248	0.062
6.0000	1.410	0.023	1.150	0.037	1.429	0.015	1.960	0.490	1.265	0.107
6.2000	1.430	0.027	1.142	0.039	1.574	0.022	1.980	0.510	1.363	0.088
6.5000	1.460	0.033	1.130	0.042	1.479	0.005	2.000	0.540	1.339	0.039
7.0000	1.417	0.059	1.323	0.051	1.449	0.006	2.040	0.510	1.317	0.032
7.2000	1.400	0.070	1.400	0.055	1.439	0.008	2.060	0.520	1.312	0.032
7.9000	1.200	0.065	1.150	0.040	1.404	0.018	2.090	0.560	1.294	0.034
8.2000	1.010	0.100	1.130	0.074	1.413	0.022	2.120	0.630	1.286	0.035
8.5000	1.300	0.215	1.300	0.090	1.461	0.027	2.160	0.730	1.278	0.037
8.7000	2.400	0.290	1.400	0.100	1.566	0.029	2.190	0.820	1.272	0.038
9.0000	2.560	0.370	1.700	0.140	1.667	0.028	2.220	0.980	1.262	0.040
9.2000	2.200	0.420	1.720	0.150	1.627	0.026	2.230	1.070	1.255	0.042
9.5000	1.950	0.160	1.730	0.162	1.584	0.022	2.250	1.150	1.243	0.044
10.0000	1.820	0.030	1.750	0.162	1.534	0.016	2.300	1.290	1.218	0.051
10.5910	1.760	0.070	1.620	0.120	1.510	0.014			1.179	0.072
10.7000	1.749	0.065	1.620	0.116	1.506	0.014			1.172	0.078
11.0000	1.720	0.050	1.620	0.105	1.494	0.014			1.153	0.097
12.0000	1.670	0.053	1.545	0.103	1.466	0.015			1.111	0.199
12.4900	1.646	0.054	1.508	0.101	1.428	0.017			1.123	0.258
13.0000	1.620	0.055	1.470	0.100	1.412	0.019			1.146	0.305
14.8000	1.400	0.100	1.570	0.100	1.434	0.030			1.258	0.396
15.0000	1.420	0.200	1.570	0.100	1.440	0.032			1.270	0.402
17.2000	2.080	0.240	1.630	0.100	1.668	0.084			1.386	0.429
18.5000	1.850	0.170	1.648	0.120	1.737	0.113			1.443	0.421
19.5000	2.030	0.203	1.669	0.187	1.750	0.138			1.476	0.404
20.0000	2.120	0.220	1.680	0.220	1.747	0.149			1.480	0.393
25.0000	1.880	0.280	1.970	0.248	1.738	0.214			1.531	0.356
27.9000	1.840	0.290	1.890	0.320	1.744	0.251			1.549	0.339
30.0000	1.820	0.300	1.800	0.420	1.745	0.279			1.551	0.328
32.0000	1.860	0.340	1.840	0.452	1.741	0.383			1.546	0.324
35.0000	1.920	0.400	1.900	0.500	1.735	0.553			1.525	0.336
40.0000	1.860	0.500	2.100	0.600	1.707	0.000			1.519	0.385

Refs.	Place date weather	Total mass μg/m³	Concentration of certain ions in the water soluble fraction (μg/m³)

			${SO}_{4}^{- -}$	${NO}_{3}^{-}$	Cl⁻	${NH}_{4}^{+}$	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg⁺⁺	Ca⁺⁺
35	Tees-side	—	14.4	3.8	3.2	5.4	1.1	0.4	0.6	1.6
	1967, June–October
	mean value
16	Råö^a	33	12.8	6.6	2.2	5.0	0.7	0.3	0.2	0.3
	1974.02.25–02.27
	W trajectory
16	Råö	28	7.1	3.2	0.7	2.5	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.4
	1974.02.27–03.01
	E-SE trajectory black episode
16	Råö	53	10.3	4.7	1.2	4.1	0.5	1.2	0.1	0.7
	1974.03-01-03.04
	SE-E trajectory black episode
16	Råö	19	5.8	1.6	0.7	1.7	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2
	1974.04.08–04.16
	NW-N trajectory

RH (%)	Normal		Maritime, arctic		Maritime, Atlantic		NaCl

	i	∊	i	∊	i	∊	i	∊
20	16.85	0.02	16.85	0.006	16.85	0.01	—	0.0
30	14.45	0.05	14.45	0.015	14.45	0.03	—	0.0
40	12.00	0.07	12.00	0.02	12.00	0.05	—	0.0
50	9.55	0.10	9.55	0.03	9.55	0.07	—	0.0
60	7.10	0.16	7.10	0.05	7.10	0.11	—	0.0
70	4.70	0.30	4.70	0.20	4.70	0.25	—	0.0
75	3.60	0.50	3.60	0.50	3.60	0.50	—	0.0
76	—	—	3.08	0.87	3.28	0.72	2.926	1.0
80	2.85	0.80	3.74	0.94	2.80	0.87	2.697	1.0
85	2.40	0.90	2.42	0.97	2.41	0.93	2.429	1.0
90	2.10	0.96	2.16	0.99	2.13	0.97	2.181	1.0
95	1.94	1.0	1.96	1.0	1.95	1.0	1.962	1.0
96	1.93	1.0	1.93	1.0	1.93	1.0	1.925	1.0
97	1.94	1.0	1.91	1.0	1.92	1.0	1.893	1.0
98	1.96	1.0	1.89	1.0	1.93	1.0	1.865	1.0
99	2.03	1.0	1.90	1.0	1.97	1.0	1.853	1.0
99.5	2.10	1.0	1.93	1.0	2.02	1.0	1.862	1.0
99.8	2.40	1.0	2.08	1.0	2.25	1.0	1.945	1.0
100	2.63	1.0	2.18	1.0	2.42	1.0	2.000	1.0

Mode	N_T^a	SG^b	lnSG	DGV^c (m)	r_m^d (μm)
Nuclei	5E + 4	1.74	0.55	0.043	0.0085
Accumulation	2.8E + 3	2.05	0.72	0.34	0.036
Coarse particle	4	2.33	0.85	8.75	0.51

Column	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Type of air mass	Mean visibility (km)	Coeff. of ext. (km⁻¹)	Particle size distribution^a						Visibility (km)

			Mode	atm type^b	n_T	N_T	r_mo (μm)	lnSG	2	5	15	50
			Mode	atm type^b	n_T	N_T	r_mo (μm)	lnSG	Relative humidity (%)
Continental	25	0.1476	Ac	4	0.9999	1.8E + 4	0.02	0.85	98.7	96.5	84	—
tropical air			Cp	5	0.0001	1.8	0.5	0.8
Maritime	30	0.1230	Ac	3	0.9995	5E + 3	0.03	0.8	99	97	86	—
tropical air			Cp	9	0.0005	2.5	0.6	0.8
Continental	35	0.1054	Ac	3	0.999	3.7E + 3	0.035	0.75	99.2	97.5	89	22
polar air			Cp	5	0.001	3.7	0.5	0.8
Maritime	40	0.0922	Ac	3	0.998	1.95E + 3	0.04	0.7	99.4	98	91	56
polar air			Cp	9	0.002	3.9	0.6	0.8
Maritime	60	0.0615	Ac	3	0.99	3.8E + 2	0.045	0.7	99.7	99	95	73
arctic air			Cp	8	0.01	3.8	0.6	0.8

Relative humidity (%)	∊_NaCl
20–60	0
60–76	adaption 0–1
76–100	1

Type^a composition	Fine particles				Coarse particles

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Water soluble	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8	1.0	0.2	0.4	0.3		0.7
Water insoluble	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.6	0.2		0.3	0.4			0.3
Sea salt								0.5	0.2	0.7	1.0
Soot				0.3
r_o(μm)	0.015	0.05	0.1	0.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	5.0
RH (%)
20	1.007	1.007	1.009	1.006	1.005	1.009	1.010	1.004	1.005	1.005	1.000	1.008
30	1.016	1.026	1.031	1.014	1.019	1.032	1.036	1.014	1.020	1.017	1.000	1.028
40	1.047	1.047	1.055	1.040	1.034	1.056	1.063	1.024	1.042	1.030	1.000	1.049
50	1.077	1.077	1.090	1.066	1.057	1.092	1.104	1.042	1.068	1.052	1.000	1.081
60	1.127	1.130	1.150	1.112	1.098	1.155	1.173	1.075	1.114	1.092	1.000	1.138
70	1.215	1.225	1.260	1.197	1.176	1.268	1.297	1.260	1.238	1.311	1.000	1.241
75	1.313	1.333	1.382	1.294	1.265	1.394	1.433	1.512	1.404	1.598	1.000	1.356
76	1.354	1.376	1.429	1.333	1.302	1.443	1.485	1.694	1.510	1.801	1.929	1.402
80	1.454	1.487	1.554	1.436	1.398	1.572	1.623	1.785	1.611	1.902	2.016	1.522
85	1.536	1.589	1.670	1.534	1.493	1.695	1.754	1.918	1.727	2.049	2.167	1.637
90	1.655	1.746	1.851	1.687	1.645	1.888	1.958	2.136	1.919	2.287	2.415	1.819
95	1.900	2.093	2.256	2.034	1.999	2.328	2.422	2.616	2.355	2.810	2.955	2.237
96	1.982	2.221	2.421	2.166	2.138	3.498	2.600	2.803	2.524	3.013	3.166	2.399
97	2.093	2.403	2.629	2.357	2.343	2.747	2.861	3.072	2.767	3.305	3.467	2.637
98	2.244	1.679	2.971	2.654	2.674	3.146	3.279	3.500	3.164	3.768	3.950	3.019
99	2.489	3.198	3.658	3.249	3.382	3.994	4.167	4.408	3.999	4.750	4.971	3.834
99.5	2.680	3.726	4.435	3.915	4.284	5.071	5.291	5.567	5.061	6.003	6.249	4.873
99.8	2.987	4.526	5.729	5.010	6.027	7.149	7.464	7.704	7.074	8.311	8.564	6.892
100	3.245	5.575	8.432	7.136	29.275	37.722	40.212	41.209	36.790	46.128	47.776	55.791

Relative humidity (%)	∊_NaCl
20–60	0
60–76	adaption 0–1
76–100	1

Type^a composition	Fine particles				Coarse particles

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Water soluble	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8	1.0	0.2	0.4	0.3		0.7
Water insoluble	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.6	0.2		0.3	0.4			0.3
Sea salt								0.5	0.2	0.7	1.0
Soot				0.3
r_o(μm)	0.015	0.05	0.1	0.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	5.0
RH (%)
20	1.007	1.007	1.009	1.006	1.005	1.009	1.010	1.004	1.005	1.005	1.000	1.008
30	1.016	1.026	1.031	1.014	1.019	1.032	1.036	1.014	1.020	1.017	1.000	1.028
40	1.047	1.047	1.055	1.040	1.034	1.056	1.063	1.024	1.042	1.030	1.000	1.049
50	1.077	1.077	1.090	1.066	1.057	1.092	1.104	1.042	1.068	1.052	1.000	1.081
60	1.127	1.130	1.150	1.112	1.098	1.155	1.173	1.075	1.114	1.092	1.000	1.138
70	1.215	1.225	1.260	1.197	1.176	1.268	1.297	1.260	1.238	1.311	1.000	1.241
75	1.313	1.333	1.382	1.294	1.265	1.394	1.433	1.512	1.404	1.598	1.000	1.356
76	1.354	1.376	1.429	1.333	1.302	1.443	1.485	1.694	1.510	1.801	1.929	1.402
80	1.454	1.487	1.554	1.436	1.398	1.572	1.623	1.785	1.611	1.902	2.016	1.522
85	1.536	1.589	1.670	1.534	1.493	1.695	1.754	1.918	1.727	2.049	2.167	1.637
90	1.655	1.746	1.851	1.687	1.645	1.888	1.958	2.136	1.919	2.287	2.415	1.819
95	1.900	2.093	2.256	2.034	1.999	2.328	2.422	2.616	2.355	2.810	2.955	2.237
96	1.982	2.221	2.421	2.166	2.138	3.498	2.600	2.803	2.524	3.013	3.166	2.399
97	2.093	2.403	2.629	2.357	2.343	2.747	2.861	3.072	2.767	3.305	3.467	2.637
98	2.244	1.679	2.971	2.654	2.674	3.146	3.279	3.500	3.164	3.768	3.950	3.019
99	2.489	3.198	3.658	3.249	3.382	3.994	4.167	4.408	3.999	4.750	4.971	3.834
99.5	2.680	3.726	4.435	3.915	4.284	5.071	5.291	5.567	5.061	6.003	6.249	4.873
99.8	2.987	4.526	5.729	5.010	6.027	7.149	7.464	7.704	7.074	8.311	8.564	6.892
100	3.245	5.575	8.432	7.136	29.275	37.722	40.212	41.209	36.790	46.128	47.776	55.791

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (20)

Tables (9)

Equations (13)

Applied Optics