Abstract
The development of short wavelength lasers has evolved more slowly over the years than lasers at longer wave-lengths due to inherent difficulties associated with producing useful optical amplification at wavelengths below 200 nm. Nevertheless, extensive progress has been made in recent years in producing significant gain and/or making lasers at wavelengths as short as 3.56 nm. This tutorial will review the basic requirements for making short wavelength lasers. The topics will include accessing short wavelength transitions, creating population inversions, producing sufficient laser level population, methods of pumping, and issues related to efficiency. Several types of short wave-length lasers and their characteristics will be discussed.
© 1996 Optical Society of America
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