Abstract
Under continuous coordinate measurement, the back-action noise of the displacement transducer is responsible for the limit of sensitivity known as the standard quantum limit (SQL): for a force F = FS sin(ωFt) acting on a free mass m during time tF that is a multiple of 2π/ωF, SQL is equal to . We show that for the simplest optical transducer (Fig. 1) the signal force can be measured with an error less than SQL, i.e., ΔFS ⪡ FSQL, if one measures not the phase but the quadrature amplitude B of the reflected wave.
© 1995 Optical Society of America
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