Abstract
It has been shown1,2 in the framework of a classical treatment that the free-electron laser (FEL) dynamics admits two completely different regimes associated with the roots of a characteristic cubic equation well known in the old theory of traveling-wave tube amplifiers,3 namely, a stable regime in which the small-signal regime theory4 is recovered and where the electrons radiate almost independently and an unstable high-gain regime in which the electrons radiate cooperatively with an exponential growth of the radiation field and of the electron-bunching parameter, leading to chaotic behavior.2
© 1984 Optical Society of America
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