Author Affiliations

Neetesh Singh,^1,* Ming Xin,¹ Diedrik Vermeulen,¹ Katia Shtyrkova,¹ Emir Salih Magden,¹ Patrick T. Callahan,¹ Nanxi Li,^1,2 Alfonso Ruocco,¹ Nicholas Fahrenkopf,³ Douglas D. Coolbaugh,³ Bill P.-P. Kuo,⁴ Stojan Radic,⁴ Erich Ippen,¹ Franz X. Kärtner,^1,5 and Michael R. Watts¹

¹Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

²John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, 29 Oxford Street, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

³College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12203, USA

⁴Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039 USA

⁵Centre for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL)-DESY and University of Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

^*Corresponding author: neeteshs@mit.edu