Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) exhibits excellent electro-optical, acousto-optical and nonlinear optical characteristics, and therefore, it has been widely used for both bulk and integrated optics.1 It was reported earlier that Nd3+ doped LiNbO3 crystals and thin films could be used as opto-electronic waveguide materials.2,3
© 2000 Optical Society of America
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