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Proton-exchanged waveguides in periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) allow confinement of a high optical intensity over a much longer distance than is possible in bulk PPLN crystals. However, proton-exchanged optical waveguides typically guide only one polarization, the TM mode, while the TE mode is simply scattered into the substrate.
© 1998 Optical Society of America
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