Flavor classification and year prediction of Chinese Baijiu by time-resolved fluorescence

Ye Zhang; Ye Zhang; Jiao Gu; Jiao Gu; Chaoqun Ma; Chaoqun Ma; Yamin Wu; Yamin Wu; Lei Li; Lei Li; Chun Zhu; Chun Zhu; Hui Gao; Hui Gao; Zichen Yang; Zichen Yang; Yunpeng Shang; Yunpeng Shang; Chengwei Wang; Chengwei Wang; Guoqing Chen; Guoqing Chen

doi:10.1364/AO.424015

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 19,
pp. 5480-5487
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.424015

Flavor classification and year prediction of Chinese Baijiu by time-resolved fluorescence

Ye Zhang, Jiao Gu, Chaoqun Ma, Yamin Wu, Lei Li, Chun Zhu, Hui Gao, Zichen Yang, Yunpeng Shang, Chengwei Wang, and Guoqing Chen

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Ye Zhang, Jiao Gu, Chaoqun Ma, Yamin Wu, Lei Li, Chun Zhu, Hui Gao, Zichen Yang, Yunpeng Shang, Chengwei Wang, and Guoqing Chen, "Flavor classification and year prediction of Chinese Baijiu by time-resolved fluorescence," Appl. Opt. 60, 5480-5487 (2021)

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Abstract

Baijiu is a traditional and popular Chinese liquor with enormous sale potential, which is affected by factors such as flavor and storage time. Chinese Baijiu is a complex and transparent mixture that makes analyzing difficult. The utility of time-resolved fluorescence helped to develop a new method to analyze Baijiu. Forty-two Baijiu samples among six brands with three flavors were prepared, and their fluorescence spectra were analyzed with an excitation light of 374.2 nm. Hexanoic acid and ethyl butyrate were found to have an impact on Baijiu fluorescence. The properties of lifetimes in Baijiu were investigated, and its mechanism was studied by calculations through density function theory. Using parameters of fluorescence lifetimes, Baijiu samples were classified according to their flavors. Additionally, the correlations between fluorescence lifetimes and storage time of Baijiu in Luzhou flavor were obtained, leading to a reliable and efficient method to establish the year forecast model of Chinese Baijiu with a mean error of 2.79 months. It also provides an important reference of the utility of time-resolved fluorescence for quantitative research of multi-component systems.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Parameters of lifetimes

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Sample	Production Year	Flavor Type	Peak (nm)	$⟨ τ ⟩$ (ns)
Brand a	2006	Luzhou flavor	419 427	9.768
Brand b	2007	Luzhou flavor	428 447	6.164
Brand c	2006	Sesame flavor	444	2.561
Brand d	2006	Sesame flavor	442	2.989
Brand e	2007	Soy flavor	427 458	3.977
Brand f	2006	Soy flavor	462	6.819
Hexanoic acid			460	4.641
Ethyl butyrate			424 450	1.820

	Ingredient Volume Fraction
Sample	1984	1994	2006	Weighed Year	Measured $⟨ τ ⟩$ (ns)	R-square	Predicted Year	Error
1	1%	49%	50%	1999.9	9.021	0.952	1999.734	0.165
2	3%	47%	50%	1999.7	9.003	0.950	1999.215	0.484
3	5%	45%	50%	1999.5	8.996	0.950	1999.581	0.081
4	8%	42%	50%	1999.2	8.893	0.964	1999.017	0.182
5	10%	40%	50%	1999.0	8.948	0.957	1999.295	0.295
6	15%	35%	50%	1998.5	8.929	0.983	1999.149	0.649
7	20%	30%	50%	1998.0	8.771	0.954	1997.978	0.021
8	25%	25%	50%	1997.5	8.671	0.953	1997.258	0.241
9	30%	20%	50%	1997.0	8.613	0.946	1996.953	0.046
10	40%	10%	50%	1996.0	8.467	0.919	1995.845	0.154

Sample	Production Year	Flavor Type	Peak (nm)	$⟨ τ ⟩$ (ns)
Brand a	2006	Luzhou flavor	419 427	9.768
Brand b	2007	Luzhou flavor	428 447	6.164
Brand c	2006	Sesame flavor	444	2.561
Brand d	2006	Sesame flavor	442	2.989
Brand e	2007	Soy flavor	427 458	3.977
Brand f	2006	Soy flavor	462	6.819
Hexanoic acid			460	4.641
Ethyl butyrate			424 450	1.820

	Ingredient Volume Fraction
Sample	1984	1994	2006	Weighed Year	Measured $⟨ τ ⟩$ (ns)	R-square	Predicted Year	Error
1	1%	49%	50%	1999.9	9.021	0.952	1999.734	0.165
2	3%	47%	50%	1999.7	9.003	0.950	1999.215	0.484
3	5%	45%	50%	1999.5	8.996	0.950	1999.581	0.081
4	8%	42%	50%	1999.2	8.893	0.964	1999.017	0.182
5	10%	40%	50%	1999.0	8.948	0.957	1999.295	0.295
6	15%	35%	50%	1998.5	8.929	0.983	1999.149	0.649
7	20%	30%	50%	1998.0	8.771	0.954	1997.978	0.021
8	25%	25%	50%	1997.5	8.671	0.953	1997.258	0.241
9	30%	20%	50%	1997.0	8.613	0.946	1996.953	0.046
10	40%	10%	50%	1996.0	8.467	0.919	1995.845	0.154

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (6)

Tables (2)

Equations (4)

Applied Optics