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Effective area of photonic crystal fibers

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Abstract

We consider the effective area A eff of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with a triangular air-hole lattice in the cladding. It is first of all an important quantity in the context of non-linearities, but it also has connections to leakage loss, macro-bending loss, and numerical aperture. Single-mode versus multi-mode operation in PCFs can also be studied by comparing effective areas of the different modes. We report extensive numerical studies of PCFs with varying air hole size. Our results can be scaled to a given pitch and thus provide a general map of the effective area. We also use the concept of effective area to calculate the “phase” boundary between the regimes with single-mode and multi-mode operation.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of end-facet of an all-silica photonic crystal fiber. The microstructured cladding consists of air holes of diameter d arranged in a triangular lattice with pitch Λ. The silica core guiding the light is formed by the “missing” air hole (indicated by the dashed circle).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Comparison of the real intensity I( r ) to the Gaussian intensity IG ( r ) with a width obtained from A eff. The upper left panel shows IG /I, the upper right panel shows I, the lower right panel shows IG , and the lower left panel shows the dielectric function ε with d/Λ = 0.3. The fields are calculated at λ/Λ = 0.48.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The upper panel shows the effective area as a function of wavelength for different hole sizes. The lower panel shows the same data as in the upper panel, but with the vertical axis scaled by the factor d/Λ and the horizontal axis scaled by the factor (d/Λ)-1.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The effective area of the second-order mode for d/Λ = 0.5. For short wavelengths A eff,3 ~ Λ2 and the mode is guided in the core. For high wavelengths the mode becomes a cladding mode with effective area approaching the area of the super-cell used in the calculation. The crossing of the dashed line with the horizontal axis indicates the cut-off for the second order mode.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Diagram illustrating “phases” with single-mode and multi-mode operation. The data points are cut-off values obtained from analysis of the form indicated in Fig. 4.

Equations (8)

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× [ ε ( r ) × H ω ( r ) ] = ( ω c ) 2 H ω ( r )
H ω ( r ) = n α n h n ( r ) e ± i β n ( ω ) z
A eff , n ( λ ) = [ d r I n ( r ) ] 2 d r I n 2 ( r ) ,
γ = n 2 ω c A eff = n 2 2 π λ A eff
NA = sin θ ( 1 + π A eff λ 2 ) 1 / 2 .
T 4 A eff , 1 A eff , 2 ( A eff , 1 + A eff , 2 ) 2
A eff ( Λ d ) × Λ 2 + O ( λ d ) ,
f ( x ) = α ( x x 0 ) β , x 0 = 0.45 ,
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