Advances in ultrafast optical parametric sources for the mid-infrared based on CdSiP<sub>2</sub>

S. Chaitanya Kumar; P. G. Schunemann; K. T. Zawilski; M. Ebrahim-Zadeh

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.33.000D44

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 33,
Issue 11,
pp. D44-D56
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.33.000D44

Advances in ultrafast optical parametric sources for the mid-infrared based on CdSiP₂

S. Chaitanya Kumar, P. G. Schunemann, K. T. Zawilski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh

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S. Chaitanya Kumar, P. G. Schunemann, K. T. Zawilski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, "Advances in ultrafast optical parametric sources for the mid-infrared based on CdSiP₂," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33, D44-D56 (2016)

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Abstract

We describe the evolution of ultrafast optical parametric sources for the mid-infrared (mid-IR) based on the new birefringent nonlinear crystal, cadmium silicon phosphide, ${CdSiP}_{2}$ , using well-established Nd-based solid-state and Yb-based fiber pump lasers near 1 μm. Optical parametric generators and optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) providing high-energy picosecond pulses, as well as high-repetition-rate femtosecond pulses, at high average powers across the 6–7 μm spectral range in the mid-IR are described in detail. Studies of viable pump laser technologies suitable for ultrafast femtosecond OPOs based on ${CdSiP}_{2}$ are discussed, and the favorable linear and nonlinear optical properties, as well as unique phase-matching characteristics of ${CdSiP}_{2}$ , are presented using the most recent Sellmeier equations for the material. The described experimental results represent the highest output pulse energy and record average power in the ultrafast picosecond and femtosecond time scales across the 6–7 μm spectral range to date.

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Transparency	1–6.5 μm
Birefringence (n _e -n _o )	−0.051 at 4 μm
Bandgap	2.2–2.45 eV (564–506 nm)
Nonlinear coefficient	$d_{14} = 53 pm / V$ , $d_{36} = 84.5 pm / V$ at 4.56 μm
Thermal conductivity	13.6 W/m-K
Specific heat	446 J/Kg/K
Melting point	1133 °C
Thermal diffusivity	$7.69 {mm}^{2} / s$
Thermal expansion	$- 2.8 \times 10^{- 6} K^{- 1}$ ( $⊥$ to c-axis) $10.2 \times 10^{- 6} K^{- 1}$ ( $‖$ to c-axis)
Knoop’s hardness	$930 Kg / {mm}^{2}$
Micro-hardness	9.3 GPa

Pump Laser	$λ_{Pump}$ (μm)	Two-Photon Absorption Coefficient, $β$ (cm/GW)
Pump Laser	$λ_{Pump}$ (μm)	Ordinary Polarization	Extraordinary Polarization
Nd:YAG, 500 ps, 1 kHz	1.064	—	2.13
Nd:YAG, 8.3 ps, 400 MHz	1.064	2.6	2.4
Yb:KGW, 560 fs, 43 MHz	1.064	0.27	0.22
Yb:KYW/Yb:fiber, 150 fs, 100 MHz	1.053	—	8.3

Pump Laser	Process	CSP Crystal Length (mm)	Signal (nm)	Idler (nm)	Pump Power/ Energy	Signal Power/ Energy	Idler Power/ Energy	Pulse Duration	References
Passively $Q$ -switched $Nd : {YVO}_{4}$ MOPA, 1.064 μm, 120 ps, 230 kHz	Seeded OPG	21.4	1290	6100	5.5 W (24 μJ)	1.04 mW (4.5 nJ)	120 mW (0.52 μJ)	Signal: 42 ps	[29]
Passively $Q$ -switched Nd:YAG oscillator/amplifier, 1.064 μm, 400 ps, 1–10 kHz	OPO	7	1287.2 ( $Δ λ = 0.65 nm$ )	6150	310 μJ	—	4.3 μJ	Signal: 225 ps Idler: 300 ps	[28]
Nd:YAG oscillator, 1.064 μm, 20 ps, 5 Hz	OPG	12.1	1263–1286	6153–6731	2.1 mJ	636 μJ	33 μJ	Signal: 24 ps	[27]
Diode pumped Nd:YAG laser/amplifier, 1.064 μm, 500 ps, 1–10 kHz	Seeded OPG	21.4	1289 ( $Δ λ = 0.03 nm$ )	6100	316 μJ	50 μJ	8.5 μJ	—	[26]
$Q$ -switched Nd:YAG laser/amplifier, 1064 nm, 8 ns, 100 Hz	Double-pass OPG	21.4	1288	6125	12 mJ	3.64 mJ	0.52 mJ	Signal: 4.4 ns Idler: 5.8 ns	[21]
$Nd : YAG / Nd : {YVO}_{4}$ MOPA, 1.064 μm, 8.6 ps, 450 MHz	OPO	12.1	1269–1289	6091–6577	30 mJ	1.3 mJ	1.5 mJ	Signal: 10.6 ps	[17]
$Nd : {YVO}_{4} / Nd : YAG$ Amplifier, 1.064 μm, 1 ns, 1 kHz	OPO	9.5	1270–1288	6117–6554	1.15 mJ	—	24 μJ	Signal: 0.75 ns	[22]
Mode-locked $Nd : {YVO}_{4}$ laser, 1.064 μm, 8.7 ps, 100 kHz	OPG	8	1282	6204 ( $Δ λ = 122 nm$ )	61 μJ	11.6 μJ	1.54 μJ	Signal: 6.36 ps	[25]
$Q$ -switched Nd:YAG laser, 1.064 μm, 14 ns, 100 Hz	OPO	8	1284	6200	21.4 mJ	—	0.47 mJ	Signal: 10 ns	[23]
Nd:YAG oscillator/amplifier, 1.064 μm, 15–20 ps, 25 Hz	OPO (Non-collinear)	9.5	1276.55 ( $Δ λ = 1.4 nm$ )	6397.5	300 mW (12 mJ)	—	14 mW (0.56 mJ)	Idler: 12.6 ps	[24]

Pump Laser	Process	Length of CSP (mm)	Signal (μm)	Idler (μm)	Pump Power (W)	Signal Power (mW)	Idler Power (mW)	Pulse Duration (fs)	References
Oria IR, 1015–1074 nm, 140 fs, 80 MHz	OPO	1	1.186–1.294	6.3–7.0	1	65	32 (0.4 nJ)	Signal: 100	[35]
Ti:sapphire-pumped MgO:PPLN OPO, 1.024 μm, 210 fs, 76 MHz	Intracavity cascaded OPO	0.5	1.172–1.237	5.9–8.1	900 mW (Ti:sapphire)	9	0.064 (0.84 pJ)	—	[34]
Yb:KGW, 1.029 μm, 560 fs, 43 MHz	OPO	1	1.204–1.212	6.5–7.1	3.7	225	110 (2.55 nJ)	Signal: 418	[19]
Yb:KYW MOPA, 1.053 μm, 130 fs, 100 MHz	OPO	0.5	1.26–1.31	5.8–6.6	1.6	53	—	Signal: 170 (Estimated)	[18]

Transparency	1–6.5 μm
Birefringence (n _e -n _o )	−0.051 at 4 μm
Bandgap	2.2–2.45 eV (564–506 nm)
Nonlinear coefficient	$d_{14} = 53 pm / V$ , $d_{36} = 84.5 pm / V$ at 4.56 μm
Thermal conductivity	13.6 W/m-K
Specific heat	446 J/Kg/K
Melting point	1133 °C
Thermal diffusivity	$7.69 {mm}^{2} / s$
Thermal expansion	$- 2.8 \times 10^{- 6} K^{- 1}$ ( $⊥$ to c-axis) $10.2 \times 10^{- 6} K^{- 1}$ ( $‖$ to c-axis)
Knoop’s hardness	$930 Kg / {mm}^{2}$
Micro-hardness	9.3 GPa

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B