Tapered diode-pumped continuous-wave alexandrite laser

Ersen Beyatli; Ilyes Baali; Bernd Sumpf; Götz Erbert; Alfred Leitenstorfer; Alphan Sennaroglu; Umit Demirbas

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.30.003184

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 30,
Issue 12,
pp. 3184-3192
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.30.003184

Tapered diode-pumped continuous-wave alexandrite laser

Ersen Beyatli, Ilyes Baali, Bernd Sumpf, Götz Erbert, Alfred Leitenstorfer, Alphan Sennaroglu, and Umit Demirbas

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Ersen Beyatli, Ilyes Baali, Bernd Sumpf, Götz Erbert, Alfred Leitenstorfer, Alphan Sennaroglu, and Umit Demirbas, "Tapered diode-pumped continuous-wave alexandrite laser," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30, 3184-3192 (2013)

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Abstract

We describe a low-cost and efficient alexandrite ( $Cr : {BeAl}_{2} O_{4}$ ) laser that is pumped by a high-brightness tapered diode laser (TDL). The tapered diode (TD) provides up to 1.1 W of output power and its wavelength can be fine-tuned to either 680.4 nm (R1 line) or 678.5 nm (R2 line) for efficient in-line pumping. Continuous-wave (cw) output powers of 200 mW, slope efficiencies as high as 38%, and a cw tuning range extending from 724 to 816 nm have been achieved. To the best of our knowledge, the cw power levels and slope efficiencies are the highest demonstrated so far from such a minimal complexity and low-cost system based on the alexandrite gain medium. Consequently, TDs operating in the red spectral region have the potential to become the standard pump sources for cw alexandrite lasers in the near future.

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Gain Medium	${Ti}^{3 +} : {Al}_{2} O_{3}$ (Ti:sapphire)	${Cr}^{+ 3} : {LiCaAlF}_{6}$ (Cr:LiCAF)	${Cr}^{+ 3} : Be {Al}_{2} O_{4}$ (Alexandrite)
Maximum gain wavelength [nm]	790 [31]	780 [31]	750 [24]
Tuning range [nm]	660–1180 [8]	720–887 [17,32]	701–858 [24,33]
Peak emission cross section $(σ_{em}) [\times 10^{- 20} {cm}^{2}]$	41 [34]	1.3 [34]	0.7 [25]
Room-temperature fluorescence lifetime ( $τ$ ) [μs]	3.2 [34]	175 [34]	262 [25]
$σ_{em} τ [μs \times 10^{- 20} {cm}^{2}]$	131 [34]	228 [34]	183 [25]
Intrinsic slope efficiency [%]	64 [35]	67 [17], 69 [32]	65 [36]
Relative strength of excited-state absorption	0 [10]	0.18 [37]	$\sim 0.1$ [38]
Passive losses [%/cm]	2 [11]	0.15 [2]	0.06 [36]
Crystal figure of merit (FOM)	150 [11]	2150 [2]	3000
Thermal conductivity [W/K.m]	28 [39]	5.1 [39]	23 [25]
$T_{1 / 2}$ , $τ_{F} (T_{1 / 2}) = 0.5 τ_{R} [C]$	$\sim 100$ [10]	255 [40], 190 [41]	225 [24]

Pump Source	Pump Wavelength (nm)	Pump Power (W)	Laser Power (mW)	Slope Efficiency (%)	Laser Output ( $M^{2}$ value)	Year	Ref.
Flashlamp	Broadband	3000	6500	0.8	Multimode	80	[45]
Hg arc lamp	Broadband	6000	60,000	1.5	Multimode	85	[25,46]
Xe arc lamp	Broadband	8000	20,000	0.5	Multimode	85	[25]
Xe arc lamp	Broadband	—	2000	—	TEM00	85	[25]
Krypton laser	647	1.6	600	51	—	83	[47]
Hg arc lamp	Broadband	8000	17,000	0.5	—	93	[66]
Dye laser	615	0.3	150	64	—	93	[36]
Sun-light	Broadband	$\sim 1000$	12,000	1.2	—	99	[50]
SH of Nd:YAG	532	0.215	11	10.5	—	05	[48]
SH of Nd:YVO4	532	5	1420	36	TEM00	06	[49]
Single-mode diode	680.4	$2 \times 0.005$	—	25	—	90	[51]
Multimode diode	640	$2 \times 0.25$	25	28	—	93	[36]
Multimode diode array	680.4	10	1300	24	2.8	05	[52]
Multimode diode array	635	$2 \times 29$	6400	$\sim 15 - 20$	—	13	[53]
TD	678.5	1	112	25	$< 1.2$	13	^b
TD	678.5	1	168	38	$\sim 2.4$	13	^b
TD	680.4	1	200	34	$\sim 2.4$	13	^b

Gain Medium	${Ti}^{3 +} : {Al}_{2} O_{3}$ (Ti:sapphire)	${Cr}^{+ 3} : {LiCaAlF}_{6}$ (Cr:LiCAF)	${Cr}^{+ 3} : Be {Al}_{2} O_{4}$ (Alexandrite)
Maximum gain wavelength [nm]	790 [31]	780 [31]	750 [24]
Tuning range [nm]	660–1180 [8]	720–887 [17,32]	701–858 [24,33]
Peak emission cross section $(σ_{em}) [\times 10^{- 20} {cm}^{2}]$	41 [34]	1.3 [34]	0.7 [25]
Room-temperature fluorescence lifetime ( $τ$ ) [μs]	3.2 [34]	175 [34]	262 [25]
$σ_{em} τ [μs \times 10^{- 20} {cm}^{2}]$	131 [34]	228 [34]	183 [25]
Intrinsic slope efficiency [%]	64 [35]	67 [17], 69 [32]	65 [36]
Relative strength of excited-state absorption	0 [10]	0.18 [37]	$\sim 0.1$ [38]
Passive losses [%/cm]	2 [11]	0.15 [2]	0.06 [36]
Crystal figure of merit (FOM)	150 [11]	2150 [2]	3000
Thermal conductivity [W/K.m]	28 [39]	5.1 [39]	23 [25]
$T_{1 / 2}$ , $τ_{F} (T_{1 / 2}) = 0.5 τ_{R} [C]$	$\sim 100$ [10]	255 [40], 190 [41]	225 [24]

Pump Source	Pump Wavelength (nm)	Pump Power (W)	Laser Power (mW)	Slope Efficiency (%)	Laser Output ( $M^{2}$ value)	Year	Ref.
Flashlamp	Broadband	3000	6500	0.8	Multimode	80	[45]
Hg arc lamp	Broadband	6000	60,000	1.5	Multimode	85	[25,46]
Xe arc lamp	Broadband	8000	20,000	0.5	Multimode	85	[25]
Xe arc lamp	Broadband	—	2000	—	TEM00	85	[25]
Krypton laser	647	1.6	600	51	—	83	[47]
Hg arc lamp	Broadband	8000	17,000	0.5	—	93	[66]
Dye laser	615	0.3	150	64	—	93	[36]
Sun-light	Broadband	$\sim 1000$	12,000	1.2	—	99	[50]
SH of Nd:YAG	532	0.215	11	10.5	—	05	[48]
SH of Nd:YVO4	532	5	1420	36	TEM00	06	[49]
Single-mode diode	680.4	$2 \times 0.005$	—	25	—	90	[51]
Multimode diode	640	$2 \times 0.25$	25	28	—	93	[36]
Multimode diode array	680.4	10	1300	24	2.8	05	[52]
Multimode diode array	635	$2 \times 29$	6400	$\sim 15 - 20$	—	13	[53]
TD	678.5	1	112	25	$< 1.2$	13	^b
TD	678.5	1	168	38	$\sim 2.4$	13	^b
TD	680.4	1	200	34	$\sim 2.4$	13	^b

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B