Open Access
Add to BibSonomy
Abstract
All inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) exhibit excellent photoelectric properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield, exceptional defect tolerance, and a long carrier diffusion length. However, their poor stability limits their applications. In this study, CsPbBr3 PQDs were precipitated in a phosphate glass matrix by a melt quenching method. The influences of Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants on the microstructure and optical properties of CsPbBr3 PQDs glass were investigated in detail. The DSC and XRD results reveal that Mn2+/Eu3+ can act as a nucleating agent to promote the precipitation of CsPbBr3 PQDs in the glass matrix and optimize its microstructure. Simultaneously, PL spectra shows that appropriate Mn2+/Eu3+ doping concentration can enhance the optical performance of CsPbBr3 PQDs glass. The luminescence intensity increases by 46.9% and 44.3%, respectively, with the additions of these dopants. Finally, Mn2+ and Eu3+ single-doped CsPbBr3 PQDs glass is proved to have excellent broadband UV spectral response characteristics, indicating its potential application for photoelectric detection.
© 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement
1. Introduction
All inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) PQDs have been widely used in solar cells [1–3], lasers [4], photodetectors [5–8], LEDs [9–12] and other fields, due to their excellent photoelectric properties, such as adjustable band gap, large absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime and diffusion length, high color purity and luminescence efficiency [13–16]. Nevertheless, their poor optical and thermal stability leads to easy decomposition, thus limiting their practical applications [17–19]. A variety of methods have been proposed to improve the stability of PQDs, such as surface coating and ion doping [20,21]. However, these methods cannot completely isolate PQDs from the external environment and solve their stability problem.
Recently, the incorporation of PQDs into glass matrix to improve their stability has been considered as an excellent strategy [22,23]. Since Wang et al. [24] first precipitated CsPbBr3 PQDs in phosphate glass matrix in 2016, the whole series of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) has been successfully precipitated in various glass matrices and applied in different scenarios [25,26]. Unfortunately, compared with the pure PQDs, CsPbX3 glass generally showed poor photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). In this regard, researchers proposed to improve their optical properties by doping various transition metal ions and rare earth ions. For example, Li et al. [27] prepared Eu2+/Eu3+ co-doped CsPbBr3 PQDs glasses and found that Eu2+ and Eu3+ distributed in perovskite lattice and glass matrix, respectively. The blue emission of CsEuBr3 PQDs, the green emission of CsPbBr3 PQDs, and the red emission from the Eu3+ 5D0-7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions can be realized by adjusting the heat treatment conditions. Chen et al. [28] found that the Mn2+ dopants can act as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallization of PQDs in glass, and the obtained Mn2+-doped CsPb(Br/Cl)3 PQDs glass with tunable multi-color emission can have a potential application in the field of the temperature sensing.
Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have become a hot topic in the field of semiconductor devices due to its widely used in radiation detection, optical communication, astronomy, and military fields. Nowadays, there are two main methods for manufacturing UV photodetectors [29,30]. One is to use wide-bandgap semiconductor materials (here the bandgaps are above 3.2 eV), such as Ga2O3 [31], GaN [32], ZnO [33], together with natural frequency band selectivity advantages to realize ultraviolet light detection. However, relatively expensive raw materials, high preparation cost, and complex and immature preparation methods limit their practical applications. On the other hand, compared with wide-bandgap semiconductors, some common semiconductors such as Si and TiO2, have the advantages of simple preparation, low cost and easier mass [34,35]. However, the UV response of photodetectors based on common semiconductors is very weak due to their low bandgaps. In recent years, researchers have a simple and efficient strategy of using spectral down conversion materials to convert ultraviolet light into visible emission that can be detected by these common semiconductor devices to improve detection efficiency [36]. Qiu et al. [37] prepared a UV photodetector by coupling CsPbBr3 PQDs glass ceramics as a down conversion layer with a silicon based photoresistor (Si-BPR). The device has a high on/off photocurrent ratio, a large dynamic linear response, and fast response speed.
Herein, doped Mn2+ and Eu3+ CsPbBr3 PQDs glass were successfully prepared by a traditional melt quenching method. The influences of Mn2+ and Eu3+ on the microstructure and optical properties of CsPbBr3 PQDs glass has investigated in detail. Additionally, potential applications of the obtained glass-embedded CsPbBr3 PQDs with respect to down conversion for UV photodetection is discussed.
2. Experimental
We synthesized the precursor glass (PG) with a composition of 40P2O5-9B2O3-22ZnO-3NaF-2CaF2-5PbO-5Cs2O-14NaBr (mol%) were designed. Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants were introduced in the form of MnO and EuF3, respectively. All raw materials were thoroughly mixed up in an agate mortar. Then, the mixtures were melted in a crucible at 900 °C for 20 min under an ambient atmosphere. The obtained melt was poured into a copper mold preheated at 150 °C to obtain precursor glass. Finally, the PG samples were heat treated at different temperatures for 12 h to form the CsPbBr3 PQDs glass (CPB), as shown in Fig. 1.
To study the thermal behavior, the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC, STA449F3) analysis was carried out in air at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The crystallization phase was investigated by using a D8-advance X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker Group). TEM images were recorded by a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd.). UV-Vis absorption spectra were tested by using UV-2600 UV spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU, Shimadzu). Photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation (PLE) spectra as well as PL decay curves were obtained using a steady-state/transient fluorescence spectrometer (FLS980, Edinburgh).
3. Results and discussion
To investigate the crystalline phase of the PQDs glass (denoted as CPB), XRD patterns of the PG heat treated at different temperatures are displayed in Fig. 2(a). All diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the cubic phase CsPbBr3 (PDF No.54-0752), indicating the precipitant of the CsPbBr3 PQDs in the glass. With increasing heat treatment temperature, the diffraction peaks gradually become sharper and stronger due to the growth of PQDs. Also, the emission peak gradually red-shifts from 521 nm to 543 nm, as exhibited in Fig. 2(b). Interestingly, the emission intensity (Fig. 2(c)) first increases, and then decrease as the thermal treatment temperature is increased. Additionally, the absorption peak (Fig. 2(d)) also red-shifts with increasing heat treatment temperature, indicating that the band gap has slightly decreased due to the quantum confinement effect.
Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns and (b) PL spectra of the undoped PG sample heat treated at different temperatures; (c) the relative PL intensity vs. thermal treatment temperature; (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of PG heat-treated at different temperatures; (e) the structure of CsPbBr3 PQDs.
To improve the optical properties of CsPbBr3 PQDs glass, Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants were introduced to the glass (denoted as CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu, respectively). Fig. 3(a) displays DSC curves of the CPB-Mn, CPB-Eu and CPB PG samples. Both curves of CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu exhibit an obvious crystallization peak, while that of CPB only shows a broad band. The result suggests that the Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants can act as nucleating agents and promote the crystallization of CsPbBr3 based on heterogenous nucleation. Consequently, the crystallization diffraction peaks of CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu are stronger than that of CPB after the identical thermal treatment, as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Fig. 3. (a) DSC curves of the PGs of the CPB-Mn, CPB-Eu and CPB samples; (b) XRD patterns of CPB-Mn, CPB-Eu and CPB heat treated at 370 °C.
TEM images in Fig. 4 reveal that CsPbBr3 PQDs of the three samples distributed homogeneously among the glass matrix. Interestingly, the average particle sizes of CPB, CPB-Mn, and CPB-Eu are 9.41 nm, 3.95 nm and 4.8 nm, respectively. The smaller sizes of PQDs in the CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu samples is possible because the introduction of the nucleation agent Mn2+ and Eu3+ leads to the increase of the nucleation sites and the decrease of the PQDs size.
Fig. 4. TEM images of (a) CPB, (b) CPB-Mn and (c) CPB-Eu; and particle size analysis diagrams of (d) CPB, (e) CPB-Mn, and (f) CPB-Eu.
Subsequently, the influence of Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants on the optical properties of CPB were investigated. As shown in Fig. 5, compared with CPB, the emission peaks of CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu with different doping concentrations exhibit a slight blue-shift due to the smaller size of PQDs in these samples. Moreover, owing to the high PL intensity of CsPbBr3, the Mn2+ 4T1-6A1 transition of and the Eu3+ 5D0-7FJ (J = 0,1, 2, 3, 4) transitions are hardly observed in the CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu samples [38,39]. Impressively, the appropriate Mn2+ or Eu3+ doping concentrations can enhance the PL intensity of PQDs, up to 46.9% and 44.3%, respectively.
Fig. 5. PL spectra of (a) CPB-Mn with different Mn2+ concentrations and (b) CPB-Eu with different Eu3+ concentrations.
The PL decay curves of the CPB, CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu samples were measured and shown in Fig. 6. All curves can be well fitted by double exponential function, and the average PL lifetimes were evaluated by the equation of
where Ip the peak intensity and I(t) the time-related PL intensity. Obviously, the average PL lifetime of CPB increases monotonously with the thermal treatment temperature, because the crystal defect in the PQDs decreases with the growth of CsPbBr3 and consequently the non-radiative deexcitation of the charge carriers for the CsPbBr3 decreases. However, the average PL lifetimes of CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu first increase and then decrease with elevating the thermal treatment, possible due to the energy transfer from CsPbBr3 PQDs to Mn2+ (or Eu3+). According to the absorption spectra (Fig. 2(d)), the band-gap of CsPbBr3 decreases with increasing the thermal treatment temperature and consequently matches well with the electron transitions of the Mn2 and Eu3+ ions, resulting in the increase of the energy transfer efficiency and decrease of the fluorescence lifetimes, as shown in Fig. 6(e) and Fig. 6(f).Fig. 6. PL decay curves of (a) CPB, (b) CPB-Mn, and (c) CPB-Eu heat treated at different temperatures; (d) the average PL lifetime of CPB, CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu as a function of thermal treatment temperature; (e) - (f) The energy transfer schematics of CsPbBr3 to Mn2+ and Eu3+.
In order to explore the application potential of CPB-Mn, CPB-Eu in UV light detection, the PL emission spectra excited in the range of 200-450 nm were measured, as shown in Fig. 7. Obviously, the CPB-Mn and CPB-Eu samples can be excited by 200-450 nm, which can be suitable for UV light detection. Impressively, the characteristic emission peaks of Mn2+ and Eu3+ are detected under the deep UV excitation, which enhance the deep UV response of CsPbBr3 PQDs glass.
4. Conclusion
In summary, Mn2+ and Eu3+ single-doped CsPbBr3 PQDs glass were prepared by a melt quenching method. Both Mn2+ and Eu3+ dopants played the role of nucleating agent to induce the crystallization of CsPbBr3 PQDs. The appropriate Mn2+/Eu3+ doping concentrations can enhance the luminescence intensity of PQDs in glass. The average PL lifetime of the pure CsPbBr3 PQDs glass increases with thermal treatment temperature due to the increase of the crystallinity of the PQDs. Impressively, lifetimes for the Mn2+ and Eu3+ single-doped CsPbBr3 PQDs glass increase firstly and then decrease with elevating the thermal treatment temperature, possible due to the efficient energy transfer from CsPbBr3 PQDs to Mn2+ and Eu3+. Additionally, broadband UV spectral response characteristics of the Mn2+ and Eu3+ single-doped CsPbBr3 PQDs glass was observed, suggesting the potential applications for photoelectric detection.
Disclosures
There are no Conflicts to declare.
Data availability
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
References
1. A. G. Martin, H. Anita, and J. S. Henry, “The emergence of perovskite solar cells,” Nat. Photonics 8(7), 506–514 (2014). [CrossRef]
2. K. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Jin, T. Liu, Y. Liang, L. Yang, P. Song, Z. Liu, C. Tian, L. Xie, and Z. Wei, “Moisture-triggered fast crystallization enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells,” Nat. Commun. 13(1), 4891 (2022). [CrossRef]
3. R. Lin, J. Xu, M. Wei, Y. Wang, Z. Qin, Z. Liu, J. Wu, K. Xiao, B. Chen, S. M. Park, G. Chen, H. R. Atapattu, K. R. Graham, J. Xu, J. Zhu, L. Li, C. Zhang, E. H. Sargent, and H. Tan, “All-perovskite tandem solar cells with improved grain surface passivation,” Nature 603(7899), 73–78 (2022). [CrossRef]
4. J. Chen, W. Du, J. Shi, M. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, and X. Liu, “Perovskite quantum dot lasers,” InfoMat 2(1), 170–183 (2020). [CrossRef]
5. J. Zhang, B. Jiao, J. Dai, D. Wu, Z. Wu, L. Bian, Y. Zhao, W. Yang, M. Jiang, and S. Lu, “Enhance the responsivity and response speed of self-powered ultraviolet photodetector by GaN/CsPbBr3 core-shell nanowire heterojunction and hydrogel,” Nano Energy 100, 107437 (2022). [CrossRef]
6. M. Xue, H. Zhou, G. Ma, L. Yang, Z. Song, J. Zhang, and H. Wang, “Investigation of the stability for self-powered CsPbBr3 perovskite photodetector with an all-inorganic structure,” Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 187, 69–75 (2018). [CrossRef]
7. A. Perveen, S. Hussain, Y. Xu, A. Raza, F. Saeed, N. Din, A. Subramanian, Q. Khan, and W. Lei, “Solution processed and highly efficient UV-photodetector based on CsPbBr3 perovskite-polymer composite film,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 426, 113764 (2022). [CrossRef]
8. H. Jing, R. Peng, R. Ma, J. He, Y. Zhou, Z. Yang, C. Li, Y. Liu, X. Guo, Y. Zhu, D. Wang, J. Su, C. Sun, W. Bao, and M. Wang, “Flexible Ultrathin single-crystalline perovskite photodetector,” Nano Lett. 20(10), 7144–7151 (2020). [CrossRef]
9. D. Chen, S. Zhou, F. Tian, H. Ke, N. Jiang, S. Wang, Y. Peng, and Y. Liu, “Halogen-Hot-Injection synthesis of Mn-doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 nanocrystals with blue/orange dual-color luminescence and high photoluminescence quantum yield,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(23), 1901082 (2019). [CrossRef]
10. J. Chen, H. Xiang, J. Wang, R. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Shan, X. Xu, Y. Dong, C. Wei, and H. Zeng, “Perovskite white light emitting diodes: progress, challenges, and opportunities,” ACS Nano 15(11), 17150–17174 (2021). [CrossRef]
11. M. He, Y. Cheng, R. Yuan, L. Zhou, J. Jiang, T. Xu, W. Chen, Z. Liu, W. Xiang, and X. Liang, “Mn-Doped cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with dual-color emission for WLED,” Dyes Pigm. 152, 146–154 (2018). [CrossRef]
12. A. L. Rogach, “Towards next generation white LEDs: optics-electronics synergistic effect in a single-layer heterophase halide perovskite,” Light: Sci. Appl. 10, 46 (2021). [CrossRef]
13. D. Chen, Y. Liu, C. Yang, J. Zhong, S. Zhou, J. Chen, and H. Huang, “Promoting photoluminescence quantum yields of glass-stabilized CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots through fluorine doping,” Nanoscale 11(37), 17216–17221 (2019). [CrossRef]
14. R. Zheng, K. Xu, J. Ding, Y. Gao, Q. Feng, X. Chen, L. Fu, and W. Wei, “Efficient solar-blind ultraviolet detection based on a Sn2+ ion-activated fluosilicate glass,” Opt. Lett. 45(8), 2140–2143 (2020). [CrossRef]
15. Z. He, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, E. Mei, X. Liang, and W. Xiang, “Enhancing the ultraviolet response of silicon photodetectors using Yb3+-doped CsPbCl2Br nanocrystals glass with self-crystallization inhibited by ZnO,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 119(14), 141905 (2021). [CrossRef]
16. B. Guo, R. Lai, S. Jiang, L. Zhou, Z. Ren, Y. Lian, P. Li, X. Cao, S. Xing, Y. Wang, W. Li, C. Zou, M. Chen, Z. Hong, C. Li, B. Zhao, and D. Dawei, “Ultrastable near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes,” Nat. Photonics 16(9), 637–643 (2022). [CrossRef]
17. H. Zhang, L. Yuan, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Yu, X. Liang, W. Xiang, and T. Wang, “Amplified spontaneous emission and random lasing using CsPbBr3 quantum dot glass through controlling crystallization,” Chem. Commun. 56(19), 2853–2856 (2020). [CrossRef]
18. M. He, L. Ding, S. Liu, G. Shao, Z. Zhang, X. Liang, and W. Xiang, “Superior fluorescence and high stability of B-Si-Zn glasses based on Mn-doped CsPbBrxI3-x nanocrystals,” J. Alloy Compd. 780, 318–325 (2019). [CrossRef]
19. S. Liu, Y. Luo, M. He, X. Liang, and W. Xiang, “Novel CsPbI3 PQDs glass with chemical stability and optical properties,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38(4), 1998–2004 (2018). [CrossRef]
20. X. Shen, S. Wang, X. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Wang, Y. Gao, Z. Shi, W. W. Yu, and Y. Zhang, “Enhancing the efficiency of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals via simultaneous surface peeling and surface passivation,” Nanoscale 11(24), 11464–11469 (2019). [CrossRef]
21. A. Shapiro, M. W. Heindl, F. Horani, M. Dahan, J. Tang, Y. Amouyal, and E. Lifshitz, “Significance of Ni doping in CsPbX3 nanocrystals via postsynthesis cation–anion coexchange,” J. Phys. Chem. C 123(40), 24979–24987 (2019). [CrossRef]
22. H. Zhang, M. Jin, X. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Yu, X. Liang, W. Xiang, and T. Wang, “The preparation and up-conversion properties of full spectrum CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) quantum dot glasses,” Nanoscale 11(39), 18009–18014 (2019). [CrossRef]
23. E. Erol, N. Vahedigharehchopogh, U. Ekim, N. Uza, M. Çelikbilek Ersundu, and A. E. Ersundu, “Ultra-stable Eu3+/Dy3+ co-doped CsPbBr3 quantum dot glass nanocomposites with tunable luminescence properties for phosphor-free WLED applications,” J. Alloy Compd. 909, 164650 (2022). [CrossRef]
24. B. Ai, C. Liu, J. Wang, J. Xie, J. Han, and X. Zhao, “Precipitation and optical properties of CsPbBr3 quantum dots in phosphate glasses,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99(9), 2875–2877 (2016). [CrossRef]
25. Y. Wang, R. Zhang, Y. Yue, S. Yan, L. Zhang, and D. Chen, “Room temperature synthesis of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots by water-induced surface crystallization of glass,” J. Alloy Compd. 818, 152872 (2020). [CrossRef]
26. X. Li, Y. Yu, J. Hong, Z. Feng, X. Guan, D. Chen, and Z. Zheng, “Optical temperature sensing of Eu3+-doped oxyhalide glasses containing CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots,” J. Lumin. 219, 116897 (2020). [CrossRef]
27. P. Li, Y. Duan, Y. Lu, A. Xiao, Z. Zeng, S. Xu, and J. Zhang, “Nanocrystalline structure control and tunable luminescence mechanism of Eu-doped CsPbBr3 quantum dot glass for WLEDs,” Nanoscale 12(12), 6630–6636 (2020). [CrossRef]
28. B. Zhuang, Y. Liu, S. Yuan, H. Huang, J. Chen, and D. Chen, “Glass stabilized ultra-stable dual-emitting Mn-doped cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots for cryogenic temperature sensing,” Nanoscale 11(32), 15010–15016 (2019). [CrossRef]
29. A. Dubey, R. Mishra, Y. H. Hsieh, C. W. Cheng, B. H. Wu, L. J. Chen, S. Gwo, and T. J. Yen, “Aluminum plasmonics enriched ultraviolet GaN photodetector with ultrahigh responsivity, detectivity, and broad bandwidth,” Adv. Sci. 7(24), 2002274 (2020). [CrossRef]
30. T. Yatsui, S. Okada, T. Takemori, T. Sato, K. Saichi, T. Ogamoto, S. Chiashi, S. Maruyama, M. Noda, K. Yabana, K. Iida, and K. Nobusada, “Enhanced photo-sensitivity in a Si photodetector using a near-field assisted excitation,” Commun. Phys. 2(1), 62 (2019). [CrossRef]
31. X. Chen, K. Liu, Z. Zhang, C. Wang, B. Li, H. Zhao, D. Zhao, and D. Shen, “Self-powered solar-blind photodetector with fast response based on Au/β-Ga2O3 nanowires array film schottky junction,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(6), 4185–4191 (2016). [CrossRef]
32. L. Goswami, R. Pandey, and G. Gupta, “Ultra-thin GaN nanostructures based self-powered ultraviolet photodetector via non-homogeneous Au-GaN interfaces,” Opt. Mater. 102, 109820 (2020). [CrossRef]
33. X. Du, Z. Mei, Z. Liu, Y. Guo, T. Zhang, Y. Hou, Z. Zhang, Q. Xue, and A. Y. Kuznetsov, “Controlled growth of high-quality ZnO-based films and fabrication of visible-blind and solar-blind ultra-violet detectors,” Adv. Mater. 21(45), 4625–4630 (2009). [CrossRef]
34. A. A. Ahmed, M. R. Hashim, R. Abdalrheem, and M. Rashid, “High-performance multicolor metal- semiconductor-metal Si photodetector enhanced by nanostructured NiO thin film,” J. Alloy Compd. 798, 300–310 (2019). [CrossRef]
35. Z. Zheng, F. Zhuge, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, L. Gan, X. Zhou, H. Li, and T. Zhai, “Decorating perovskite quantum dots in TiO2 nanotubes array for broadband response photodetector,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(43), 1703115 (2017). [CrossRef]
36. H. Jia, H. Zheng, C. Li, J. Chen, W. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Zhao, L. Pan, X. Feng, X. Liu, J. Chen, and J. Qiu, “Eu3+-doped AlO(OH) as a spectral converter for broadband solar-blind UV photodetection,” Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 205, 110242 (2020). [CrossRef]
37. H. Jia, X. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Y. Zhang, Y. Hu, X. Xu, F. Peng, Y. Yuan, Z. Fang, and J. Qiu, “Stable borosilicate glass doped with CsPbBr3 quantum dots for efficient photodetectors,” Ceram Int. 49(1), 1283–1290 (2023). [CrossRef]
38. S. Zou, Y. Liu, J. Li, C. Liu, R. Feng, F. Jiang, Y. Li, J. Song, H. Zeng, M. Hong, and X. Chen, “Stabilizing cesium lead halide perovskite lattice through Mn(II) substitution for air-stable light-emitting diodes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(33), 11443–11450 (2017). [CrossRef]
39. E. Erol, O. Kıbrıslı, M. Çelikbilek Ersundu, and A. E. Ersundu, “Color tunable emission from Eu3+ and Tm3+ co-doped CsPbBr3 quantum dot glass nanocomposites,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24(3), 1486–1495 (2022). [CrossRef]
