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Active beam manipulation and convolution operation in VO2-integrated coding terahertz metasurfaces

ZengLin Li, Wei Wang, Shaoxuan Deng, Jia Qu, Yuxiang Li, Bo Lv, Wenjia Li, Xi Gao, Zheng Zhu, Chunying Guan, and Jinhui Shi

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Abstract

Coding metasurfaces have received tremendous interest due to their unprecedented control of beams through the flexible design of coding sequences. However, realizing tunable coding metasurfaces with scattering-pattern shifts in the terahertz range is still challenging. Here, we propose a VO2-integrated coding metasurface to realize a thermally controlled scattering-pattern shift by convolution operation. The required phase profiles and high amplitudes of 1-bit and 2-bit coding metasurfaces are easily obtained only by changing the length of the VO2 cut-wires. The insulator–metal phase transition of the VO2 cut-wires leads to an ultrafast switching effect between multiple deflected scattering beams and one normally reflected beam. In particular, the VO2 phase transition contributes to dynamical convolution operations of the 2-bit coding metasurface. The proposed VO2-integrated coding metasurfaces are important for realizing tunable terahertz beam manipulation as well as arbitrary required scattering beams.

© 2022 Optica Publishing Group

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of a microstructured VO2 coding metasurface and phase-transition-assisted beam manipulation. (a) Conceptual illustration of beam switching of normal and anomalous reflection at a VO2 coding metasurface. (b) Amplitude and phase properties of coding elements “0” (top curve) and “1” (bottom curve) consisting of metallic VO2 cut-wires. The inset shows the unit cell, which is composed of five identical and parallel cut-wires. The lengths lx of two coding elements are 22 and 138 μm, respectively.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Schematic of and the switching effect of scattering patterns at a 1-bit coding metasurface with the coding sequence 0101…/0101… at 1 THz. (a) Schematic of the coding sequence. (b) Scattering beam from the 1-bit coding metasurface with metallic VO2 cut-wires. (c) Scattering beam from the 1-bit coding metasurface with dielectric VO2 cut-wires.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic of and the switching effect of scattering patterns at a 1-bit coding metasurface with the coding sequence 0101…/1010… at 1 THz. (a) Schematic of the chessboard coding sequence. (b) Scattering beams from the 1-bit coding metasurface with metallic VO2. (c) Scattering beam from the 1-bit coding metasurface with dielectric VO2.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Amplitude and phase responses of the four coding elements in 2-bit coding metasurfaces with different VO2 cut-wires. (a) Geometries of the “00,” “01,” “10,” and “11” elements. (b) Amplitude and phase responses of the “00,” “01,” “10,” and “11” elements. From bottom to top, 00, 11, 01, and 10.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Schematic of and the switching effect of scattering patterns at a 2-bit coding metasurface with the coding sequence 0123…/0123… at 0.73 THz. (a) Schematic of the 2-bit coding sequence. (b)–(f) Scattering beam from the 2-bit coding metasurface with σ = 3×105 S/m, 7×104 S/m, 6×104 S/m, 5×104 S/m, and 1×103 S/m.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Convolution operation of the 2-bit coding metasurface.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Schematic of and the switching effect of the scattering-pattern shift at the 2-bit coding metasurface with convolution operations. (a)–(c) Far-field scattering patterns at 2-bit coding metasurfaces with metallic VO2 cut-wires at 0.73 THz. (d)–(f) Far-field scattering patterns at 2-bit coding metasurfaces with insulating VO2 cut-wires at 0.73 THz.

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Equations (2)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

θ 1 = arcsin ⁡ ( λ / Γ x ) ,   θ 2 = arcsin ⁡ ( λ / Γ y ) ,   θ = arcsin ⁡ sin 2 θ 1 ± sin 2 θ 2 .
θ = arcsin ⁡ sin 2 θ 1 ± si n 2 θ 2 ,   φ = arctan(sin θ 2 / sin ⁡ θ 1 ) ,
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