The Relative Photographic Efficiency of Certain Light Sources*

Robert N. Wolfe; Francis H. Milligan

doi:10.1364/JOSA.43.000791

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 43,
Issue 9,
pp. 791-797
(1953)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.43.000791

The Relative Photographic Efficiency of Certain Light Sources

Robert N. Wolfe and Francis H. Milligan

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Robert N. Wolfe and Francis H. Milligan, "The Relative Photographic Efficiency of Certain Light Sources*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 791-797 (1953)

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Abstract

A definition of relative photographic efficiency is given on the basis of the fractional-gradient method of measuring speed (American Standard Z38.2.1-1947). An experimental method of making efficiency determinations accurately on this basis is described and values are given for incandescent tungsten at various temperatures and for commercial tungsten, fluorescent, and mercury lamps as well as for the three CIE illuminants and some natural sources. These values are given for typical non-color-sensitized, orthochromatic, and panchromatic materials.

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Light source		Color temperature		Relative photographic efficiency for various sensitizings
Light source		Present system	Former system	Non-color-sensitized	Orthochromatic	Panchromatic
Primary photographic standard^a				1.00	1.00	1.00
Washington mean noon sunlight (calculated)				1.20	1.10	1.05
Rochester 60° sun				1.65	1.05	1.15
Zenith blue sky				7.00	2.85	3.00
Zenith overcast sky				2.10	1.50	1.30
Tungsten		1896°K	1900°K	0.08	0.29	0.52
Tungsten		1996	2000	0.10	0.30	0.52
Tungsten		2095	2100	0.11	0.31	0.54
Tungsten		2194	2200	0.14	0.36	0.54
Tungsten		2353	2360	0.21	0.42	0.58
Tungsten		2491	2500	0.26	0.46	0.60
Tungsten		2650	2660	0.31	0.51	0.63
Tungsten		2738	2750	0.33	0.52	0.64
Tungsten	CIE Illuminant A	2835	2848	0.40	0.55	0.66
Tungsten		2985	3000	0.45	0.57	0.68
Tungsten		3182	3200	0.53	0.61	0.69
Tungsten		3365	3385	0.65	0.73	0.78
Tungsten		3448	3470	0.69	0.76	0.79
2650°K tungsten+D−G filter		3085	3100	0.45	0.60	0.70
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter		4000	4030	0.80	0.85	0.85
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter	CIE Illuminant B			0.90	0.95	1.00
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter	CIE Illuminant C			1.45	1.35	1.25
Photo Blue, 250 watt				0.90	1.05	0.95
Photo Blue, 500 watt				1.25	1.20	1.05
No. 1 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.95	0.90	0.85
No. 2 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.70	0.95	0.75
No. 4 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.95	0.90	1.05
Fluorescent, blue-white, 40 watt (RF)				1.95	1.75	1.50
Fluorescent, daylight (6500), 40 watt				1.25	1.50	1.20
Fluorescent, white (3500), 40 watt				0.70	0.70	0.75
Fluorescent, blue, 40 watt				5.10	3.25	3.00
Fluorescent, green, 40 watt				0.30	0.55	0.50
Fluorescent, pink, 40 watt				0.70	0.55	0.75
Fluorescent, gold, 40 watt				0.01	0.20	0.45
Fluorescent, red, 40 watt				0.01	0.01	0.60
Mercury, 260-watt Cooper-Hewitt (50 in.)		Vapor pressure 0.0003 atmos		3.30	2.55	1.75
Mercury, 400-watt H-1		1.0		1.35	1.15	0.90
Mercury, 100-watt H-4		8.0		2.25	1.75	1.40
Mercury, 100-watt S-4		8.00		3.15	2.05	1.50
Mercury, 1000-watt H-6		75		3.40	2.45	1.60
Argon, 2.5 watt				200.0	60.0	40.0

Color temperature	Non-color-sensitized	Orthochromatic	Panchromatic
2000°K	0.12	0.33	0.53
2500	0.25	0.42	0.59
2835	0.37	0.52	0.65
3000	0.44	0.58	0.68
3182^a	0.54	0.65	0.72
3200	0.55	0.66	0.73
3320^a	0.61	0.70	0.75
3400	0.67	0.75	0.78
3500	0.73	0.79	0.81

Light source		Color temperature		Relative photographic efficiency for various sensitizings
Light source		Present system	Former system	Non-color-sensitized	Orthochromatic	Panchromatic
Primary photographic standard^a				1.00	1.00	1.00
Washington mean noon sunlight (calculated)				1.20	1.10	1.05
Rochester 60° sun				1.65	1.05	1.15
Zenith blue sky				7.00	2.85	3.00
Zenith overcast sky				2.10	1.50	1.30
Tungsten		1896°K	1900°K	0.08	0.29	0.52
Tungsten		1996	2000	0.10	0.30	0.52
Tungsten		2095	2100	0.11	0.31	0.54
Tungsten		2194	2200	0.14	0.36	0.54
Tungsten		2353	2360	0.21	0.42	0.58
Tungsten		2491	2500	0.26	0.46	0.60
Tungsten		2650	2660	0.31	0.51	0.63
Tungsten		2738	2750	0.33	0.52	0.64
Tungsten	CIE Illuminant A	2835	2848	0.40	0.55	0.66
Tungsten		2985	3000	0.45	0.57	0.68
Tungsten		3182	3200	0.53	0.61	0.69
Tungsten		3365	3385	0.65	0.73	0.78
Tungsten		3448	3470	0.69	0.76	0.79
2650°K tungsten+D−G filter		3085	3100	0.45	0.60	0.70
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter		4000	4030	0.80	0.85	0.85
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter	CIE Illuminant B			0.90	0.95	1.00
2835°K tungsten+D−G filter	CIE Illuminant C			1.45	1.35	1.25
Photo Blue, 250 watt				0.90	1.05	0.95
Photo Blue, 500 watt				1.25	1.20	1.05
No. 1 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.95	0.90	0.85
No. 2 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.70	0.95	0.75
No. 4 Photoflood, blue bulb				0.95	0.90	1.05
Fluorescent, blue-white, 40 watt (RF)				1.95	1.75	1.50
Fluorescent, daylight (6500), 40 watt				1.25	1.50	1.20
Fluorescent, white (3500), 40 watt				0.70	0.70	0.75
Fluorescent, blue, 40 watt				5.10	3.25	3.00
Fluorescent, green, 40 watt				0.30	0.55	0.50
Fluorescent, pink, 40 watt				0.70	0.55	0.75
Fluorescent, gold, 40 watt				0.01	0.20	0.45
Fluorescent, red, 40 watt				0.01	0.01	0.60
Mercury, 260-watt Cooper-Hewitt (50 in.)		Vapor pressure 0.0003 atmos		3.30	2.55	1.75
Mercury, 400-watt H-1		1.0		1.35	1.15	0.90
Mercury, 100-watt H-4		8.0		2.25	1.75	1.40
Mercury, 100-watt S-4		8.00		3.15	2.05	1.50
Mercury, 1000-watt H-6		75		3.40	2.45	1.60
Argon, 2.5 watt				200.0	60.0	40.0

Color temperature	Non-color-sensitized	Orthochromatic	Panchromatic
2000°K	0.12	0.33	0.53
2500	0.25	0.42	0.59
2835	0.37	0.52	0.65
3000	0.44	0.58	0.68
3182^a	0.54	0.65	0.72
3200	0.55	0.66	0.73
3320^a	0.61	0.70	0.75
3400	0.67	0.75	0.78
3500	0.73	0.79	0.81

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America