Table I
Effect of quality of illumination on responses to the individual plates. Percentage of each type of color defective subjects passing each plate of the Ishihara test, editions 5, 7, and 9 (British reprint), and the Ishihara plates in the American Optical Company’s test, when the test is administered under daylight and under tungsten light. Each plate is designated by series number and plate number as it appears in the edition under consideration.
Typo of color defective subject | Number of cases | Quality of illumination | Percentage of each type passing individual plates Series no. |
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| 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | 3 | | | | 4 | | | | 5 | | | | 6 | |
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5th edition (12 plates) |
Plate no. |
| | | 2 | 3 | | | 4 | | | 5 | 6 | 7 | | | 8 | 9 | | | 10 | 11 | | | 12 | 13 | | |
Anomalous trichromat | | | % | % | | | % | | | % | % | % | | | % | % | | | % | % | | | % | % | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 57 | 72 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 14 | | | 14 | 29 | | | 14 | 0 | | | 14 | 29 | | |
| | Tungsten | 86 | 72 | | | 57 | | | 14 | 72 | 86 | | | 57 | 72 | | | 57 | 43 | | | 43 | 57 | | |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 80 | 100 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 20 | 20 | | |
| | Tungsten | 80 | 60 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 20 | 20 | | | 20 | 40 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 100 | | |
Dichromat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 20 | 20 | | | 0 | 20 | | | 100 | 20 | | | 0 | 0 | | |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 60 | 60 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 20 | 20 | | | 0 | 0 | | |
| | Tungsten | 60 | 20 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | | 20 | 20 | | | 20 | 40 | | |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 50 | 59 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 5 | | | 5 | 9 | | | 9 | 5 | | | 9 | 14 | | |
| | Tungsten | 59 | 41 | | | 18 | | | 5 | 32 | 36 | | | 23 | 36 | | | 45 | 23 | | | 18 | 50 | | |
7th edition (24 plates) |
Plate no. |
| | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
Anomalous trichromat | | | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 43 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 29 | 14 | 0 | 43 | 57 | 43 | 43 |
| | Tungsten | 72 | 29 | 0 | 29 | 72 | 0 | 57 | 43 | 29 | 57 | 0 | 57 | 57 | 43 | 43 | 14 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 29 | 57 | 86 | 57 |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 60 | 40 | 20 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 80 | 20 |
Dichromat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 20 | 60 | 40 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 20 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 14 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 23 | 32 | 23 | 18 |
| | Tungsten | 23 | 14 | 0 | 9 | 36 | 5 | 23 | 14 | 9 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 27 | 18 | 27 | 14 | 41 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 14 | 36 | 45 | 27 |
9th edition, British Reprint (24 plates) |
Plate no. |
| | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
Anomalous trichromat | | | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 43 | 43 | 0 | 14 | 72 | 14 | 57 | 0 | 14 | 29 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 57 | 29 | 14 |
| | Tungsten | 29 | 43 | 14 | 29 | 100 | 57 | 100 | 0 | 43 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 43 | 14 | 43 | 14 | 72 | 29 | 0 |
Prolanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 20 | 20 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 40 | 20 |
Dichromat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 60 | 100 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 18 | 23 | 0 | 5 | 27 | 5 | 23 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 36 | 14 | 9 |
| | Tungsten | 18 | 27 | 9 | 9 | 73 | 32 | 64 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 36 | 27 | 41 | 14 | 36 | 23 | 5 |
Ishihara Plates, A.O. Test (10 plates) |
Plate no. |
| | | 5 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 19 | 20 | 41 | 42 | | | | | | | | | | | 33 | 34 | | | | |
Anomalous trichromat | | | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | | | | | | | | | | | % | % | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 86 | 43 | 0 | 43 | 72 | 0 | 72 | 57 | | | | | | | | | | | 57 | 57 | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 100 | 72 | 29 | 72 | 86 | 86 | 100 | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | 29 | 43 | | | | |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 20 | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 60 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 40 | 40 | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 40 | | | | |
Dichromat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 20 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 40 | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 20 | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 60 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | 60 | 60 | | | | |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 40 | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 20 | | | | |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 50 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 23 | 0 | 32 | 27 | | | | | | | | | | | 27 | 27 | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 68 | 32 | 9 | 36 | 55 | 50 | 77 | 73 | | | | | | | | | | | 32 | 41 | | | | |
Table II
Effect of quality of illumination on performance scores on the Ishihara test, showing for each type of color defective subjects (a) the average performance score achieved by each group; (b) the median or middle score for each group; and (c) the range of scores from lowest to highest achieved by the individuals within each group, when the test was administered under daylight and under tungsten light. Performance score is percentage of the plates to which correct responses were given.
Type of color defective subject | Number of cases | Quality of illumination | Average score | Median score | Range of scores |
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5th edition |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 20 | 17 | 0–58 |
| | Tungsten | 59 | 58 | 25–92 |
Prolanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 18 | 17 | 8–33 |
| | Tungsten | 28 | 33 | 8–42 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 15 | 8 | 8–25 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 13 | 17 | 8–17 |
| | Tungsten | 15 | 17 | 0–25 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 14 | 17 | 0–58 |
| | Tungsten | 32 | 25 | 0–92 |
7th edition |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 18 | 17 | 0–33 |
| | Tungsten | 44 | 42 | 21–67 |
Prolanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 8 | 12 | 0–17 |
| | Tungsten | 7 | 4 | 4–17 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 2 | 4 | 0–4 |
| | Tungsten | 26 | 25 | 13–37 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 4 | 0 | 0–17 |
| | Tungsten | 7 | 4 | 4–17 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 9 | 6 | 0–33 |
| | Tungsten | 23 | 19 | 4–67 |
9th edition (British Reprint) |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 19 | 21 | 0–42 |
| | | | | |
| | Tungsten | 30 | 25 | 21–54 |
Prolanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 6 | 4 | 0–12 |
| | Tungsten | 11 | 12 | 0–21 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 2 | 0 | 0–8 |
| | Tungsten | 27 | 29 | 21–29 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 5 | 4 | 0–17 |
| | Tungsten | 9 | 4 | 4–17 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 9 | 4 | 0–42 |
| | Tungsten | 20 | 21 | 0–54 |
Ishihara Plates, A.O. Test |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 50 | 50 | 20–70 |
| | Tungsten | 71 | 80 | 50–100 |
Prolanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 8 | 0 | 0–30 |
| | Tungsten | 24 | 20 | 10–40 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 18 | 10 | 0–50 |
| | Tungsten | 66 | 60 | 40–90 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 4 | 0 | 0–10 |
| | Tungsten | 18 | 20 | 0–30 |
All color defectives | 22 | Daylight | 23 | 10 | 0–70 |
| | Tungsten | 47 | 45 | 0–100 |
Table III
Effect of quality of illumination on the differential classification of deuteranopia and protanopia, deuteranomaly and protanomaly. Analysis of the value of the plates of Series 6 of the 5th, 7th, and 9th (British reprint) editions of the Ishihara test as a means of differentiating between types of red-green defect, when the test is administered under daylight and under tungsten light.
Type of color defective subject | Number of cases | Quality of illumination | Correctly classified by at least 50% of the plates | Incorrectly classified by at least 50% of the plates | Not classified by at least 50% of the plates |
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5th edition |
Anomalous trichromat | | | % | % | % |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 86 | 0 | 14 |
| | Tungsten | 57 | 0 | 43 |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 80 | 0 | 20 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 80 | 20 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 60 | 0 | 40 |
| | Tungsten | 40 | 20 | 40 |
7th edition |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous | 7 | Daylight | 57 | 0 | 43 |
| | Tungsten | 43 | 0 | 57 |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 40 | 20 | 40 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 60 | 40 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 60 | 0 | 40 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 20 | 80 |
9th edition (British Reprint) |
Anomalous trichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranomalous 7 | | Daylight | 86 | 0 | 14 |
| | Tungsten | 86 | 0 | 14 |
Protanomalous | 5 | Daylight | 60 | 0 | 40 |
| | Tungsten | 0 | 60 | 40 |
Dichromat | | | | | |
Deuteranope | 5 | Daylight | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| | Tungsten | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Protanope | 5 | Daylight | 60 | 0 | 40 |
| | Tungsten | 40 | 40 | 20 |