Theoretical analysis of the buried heterostructure laser for stable dual-wavelength generation

Soumi Pal; Arpit Khandelwal; Nitin Bhatia

doi:10.1364/AO.522669

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 14,
pp. 3955-3964
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.522669

Theoretical analysis of the buried heterostructure laser for stable dual-wavelength generation

Soumi Pal, Arpit Khandelwal, and Nitin Bhatia

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Soumi Pal, Arpit Khandelwal, and Nitin Bhatia, "Theoretical analysis of the buried heterostructure laser for stable dual-wavelength generation," Appl. Opt. 63, 3955-3964 (2024)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lasers, Optical Amplifiers, and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 29, 2024
- Revised Manuscript: April 11, 2024
- Manuscript Accepted: April 17, 2024
- Published: May 8, 2024

Abstract

Stable dual-wavelength emission from a laser is desirable for microwave signal generation using the optical heterodyning method. As both optical wavelengths are generated from the same cavity, the phase noise of the generated microwave signal is minimized. In this work, we exploit the inherent birefringence in the buried heterostructure semiconductor laser to generate dual polarized modes. We carefully analyze the mode competition between various modes in the cavity and propose the desirable gain modification conditions for stable dual mode oscillations when the laser is operating near the threshold. We show that the required asymmetry in the gain for two stable modes can be obtained from the mode confinement factors and facet losses. We also show the applicability of our results to a homogeneously broadened multimode laser.

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Equations (44)

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Amplitude Ratio	Value
$\| E_{z} / E_{x} \|$	15.76%
$\| H_{z} / E_{x} \|$	0.14%
$\| H_{x} / E_{x} \|$	0.02%
$\| H_{y} / E_{x} \|$	0.94%

Parameter Description	Symbol	Value
Refractive index for active layer	$n_{1}$	3.5208105 [32]
Cavity length	$L$	$200 µ m$ [32]
Carrier density at transparency	$N_{0}$	$1 \times 10^{12} m^{- 3}$ [41]
Differential gain for $y$ -polarized mode	$g_{0 y}$	$2.5 \times 10^{- 14} m^{2}$
Linewidth enhancement factor	$α$	5 [41]
Internal loss	$α_{i}$	$40 \times 10^{- 2} m^{- 1}$ [41]
Reflectivity for $x$ -polarized mode	$R_{x}$	30% [35]
Reflectivity for $y$ -polarized mode	$R_{y}$	28% and 32% [35]
Carrier lifetime at threshold	$τ_{e}$	$2.2 n s$ [41]
Threshold current	$I_{th}$	15.8 mA [41]
Wavelength of operation	$λ_{0}$	$1.3 µ m$ [41]
Charge of electron	$e$	$1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C$

Parameter Description	Symbol	Value
Active layer width	$2 a$	$0.9 µ m$
Active layer thickness	$2 d$	$0.4 µ m$
Confinement factor for $x$ -polarized mode	$Γ_{x}$	0.7987
Confinement factor for $y$ -polarized mode	$Γ_{y}$	0.7788
Effective refractive index for	$n_{{e f f}_{x}}$	3.3467
$x$ -polarized mode
Effective refractive index for	$n_{{e f f}_{y}}$	3.3354
$y$ -polarized mode
Differential gain for $x$ -polarized mode	$g_{0 x}$	$2.3059 \times 10^{- 14} m^{2}$
Photon lifetime for $x$ -polarized mode	$τ_{p_{x}}$	1.8530 ps
Photon lifetime for $y$ -polarized mode	$τ_{p_{y}}$	1.7461 ps
Wavelength of $x$ -polarized mode	$λ_{x}$	$1.3009590468 µ m$
Wavelength of $y$ -polarized mode	$λ_{y}$	$1.3003748343 µ m$

Amplitude Ratio	Value
$\| E_{z} / E_{x} \|$	15.76%
$\| H_{z} / E_{x} \|$	0.14%
$\| H_{x} / E_{x} \|$	0.02%
$\| H_{y} / E_{x} \|$	0.94%

Parameter Description	Symbol	Value
Refractive index for active layer	$n_{1}$	3.5208105 [32]
Cavity length	$L$	$200 µ m$ [32]
Carrier density at transparency	$N_{0}$	$1 \times 10^{12} m^{- 3}$ [41]
Differential gain for $y$ -polarized mode	$g_{0 y}$	$2.5 \times 10^{- 14} m^{2}$
Linewidth enhancement factor	$α$	5 [41]
Internal loss	$α_{i}$	$40 \times 10^{- 2} m^{- 1}$ [41]
Reflectivity for $x$ -polarized mode	$R_{x}$	30% [35]
Reflectivity for $y$ -polarized mode	$R_{y}$	28% and 32% [35]
Carrier lifetime at threshold	$τ_{e}$	$2.2 n s$ [41]
Threshold current	$I_{th}$	15.8 mA [41]
Wavelength of operation	$λ_{0}$	$1.3 µ m$ [41]
Charge of electron	$e$	$1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C$

Abstract

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (12)

Tables (3)

Equations (44)

Applied Optics