Laboratory demonstration of the prediction of wind-blown turbulence by adaptive optics at 8&#x2009;&#x2009;kHz with use of LQG control

Lisa A. Poyneer; S. Mark Ammons; Mike K. Kim; Brian Bauman; Jesse Terrel-Perez; Aaron J. Lemmer; Jayke Nguyen; Jayke Nguyen

doi:10.1364/AO.474730

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 8,
pp. 1871-1885
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.474730

Laboratory demonstration of the prediction of wind-blown turbulence by adaptive optics at 8 kHz with use of LQG control

Lisa A. Poyneer, S. Mark Ammons, Mike K. Kim, Brian Bauman, Jesse Terrel-Perez, Aaron J. Lemmer, and Jayke Nguyen

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Lisa A. Poyneer, S. Mark Ammons, Mike K. Kim, Brian Bauman, Jesse Terrel-Perez, Aaron J. Lemmer, and Jayke Nguyen, "Laboratory demonstration of the prediction of wind-blown turbulence by adaptive optics at 8 kHz with use of LQG control," Appl. Opt. 62, 1871-1885 (2023)

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- Instrumentation and Measurements
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 1, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: December 15, 2022
- Manuscript Accepted: January 24, 2023
- Published: February 27, 2023

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Abstract

The low-latency adaptive optical mirror system (LLAMAS) is designed to push the limits on achievable latencies and frame rates. It has 21 subapertures across its pupil. A reformulated version of the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) method predictive Fourier control is implemented in LLAMAS; for all modes, it takes just 30 µs to compute. In the testbed, a turbulator mixes hot and ambient air to produce wind-blown turbulence. Wind prediction clearly improves correction when compared to an integral controller. Closed-loop telemetry shows that wind-predictive LQG removes the characteristic “butterfly” and reduces temporal error power by up to a factor of three for mid-spatial frequency modes. Strehl changes seen in focal plane images are consistent with telemetry and the system error budget.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Parameter	Value
Wavelength	1050 nm
Shack–Hartmann subapertures across pupil diameter	21
Grid size for phase reconstruction	$24 \times 24$
Controllable tweeter actuators	376
WFS camera integration time	4 µs
WFS camera read time	45 µs
Computation time (using an integral controller)	70–75 µs
Computation time (using LQG)	100–105 µs
Extra delay used in LQG model^a	60 µs
AO frame rate	8 kHz

				Dynamic WFE		Improvement
Turbulator	Cases	Est. Wind	Est. $r_{0}$	IC	LQG	QD	Power
30 V/5.0	7	3.4 m/s	6.6 mm	33 nm	24 nm	22 nm	$1.9 \times$
30 V/5.5	8	3.4 m/s	4.7 mm	42 nm	31 nm	28 nm	$1.8 \times$
35 V/5.0	8	4.9 m/s	9.7 mm	30 nm	21 nm	20 nm	$1.9 \times$
35 V/5.5	8	4.9 m/s	7.0 mm	39 nm	28 nm	27 nm	$1.9 \times$
35 V/6.0	9	4.9 m/s	5.5 mm	47 nm	34 nm	33 nm	$2.0 \times$
40 V/5.5	7	6.0 m/s	8.0 mm	38 nm	27 nm	27 nm	$2.0 \times$
40 V/6.0	7	6.0 m/s	6.6 mm	44 nm	32 nm	31 nm	$2.0 \times$

Parameter	Value
Wavelength	1050 nm
Shack–Hartmann subapertures across pupil diameter	21
Grid size for phase reconstruction	$24 \times 24$
Controllable tweeter actuators	376
WFS camera integration time	4 µs
WFS camera read time	45 µs
Computation time (using an integral controller)	70–75 µs
Computation time (using LQG)	100–105 µs
Extra delay used in LQG model^a	60 µs
AO frame rate	8 kHz

				Dynamic WFE		Improvement
Turbulator	Cases	Est. Wind	Est. $r_{0}$	IC	LQG	QD	Power
30 V/5.0	7	3.4 m/s	6.6 mm	33 nm	24 nm	22 nm	$1.9 \times$
30 V/5.5	8	3.4 m/s	4.7 mm	42 nm	31 nm	28 nm	$1.8 \times$
35 V/5.0	8	4.9 m/s	9.7 mm	30 nm	21 nm	20 nm	$1.9 \times$
35 V/5.5	8	4.9 m/s	7.0 mm	39 nm	28 nm	27 nm	$1.9 \times$
35 V/6.0	9	4.9 m/s	5.5 mm	47 nm	34 nm	33 nm	$2.0 \times$
40 V/5.5	7	6.0 m/s	8.0 mm	38 nm	27 nm	27 nm	$2.0 \times$
40 V/6.0	7	6.0 m/s	6.6 mm	44 nm	32 nm	31 nm	$2.0 \times$

Abstract

Data availability

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Figures (12)

Tables (2)

Equations (33)

Applied Optics