M. Nadeem Akram, "Simulation and control of narcissus phenomenon using nonsequential ray tracing. II. Line-scan camera in 7-11 μm waveband," Appl. Opt. 49, 1185-1195 (2010)
A nonsequential ray tracing technique is used to calculate the narcissus signature in infrared (IR) imaging cameras having cooled detectors operating in the waveband. Imaging cameras based on a one-dimensional linear detector array with a scan mirror are simulated. Circularly symmetric diffractive phase surfaces commonly used in modern IR cameras are modeled including multiple diffraction orders in the narcissus retroreflection path to correctly estimate the stray light return signal. An optical design example based on a step-zoom dual field of view optical system is discussed along with the performance curves to elaborate the modeling technique. Optical methods to minimize the narcissus return signal are explained, and modeling results presented. The nonsequential ray tracing technique is found to be an effective method to accurately calculate the narcissus return signal in complex IR cameras having diffractive surfaces.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
The zoom group doublet moves by to change the field of view.
Table 4
RMS Polychromatic Wavefront Error versus Normalized Field Angle, Horizontal (HFOV), and Vertical Field of View (VFOV) in the First Quadrant for the Narcissus Unoptimized Optics at Narrow (NFOV) and Wide Field of View (WFOV) Modes
NFOV (HFOV) (VFOV)
0
0.0
0.061
0.062
0.065
0.061
0.062
0.068
0.057
0.057
0.08
WFOV (HFOV) (VFOV)
0
0.0
0.056
0.055
0.054
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.047
0.047
0.053
Table 5
Paraxial Narcissus Values of the Narcissus Unoptimized Optics at NFOV and WFOV Modes
Surface
NFOV
WFOV
Comments
yni
yni
1.00
34.61
96.20
2.5
2.93
Objective
2.00
2.79
2.08
0.2
0.2
3.00
3.37
1.92
1.54
2.5
Zoom group
4.00
2.44
1.28
1.34
1.91
5.00
15.75
0.85
6.00
5.42
3.49
2.23
3.9
7.00
9.07
4.24
9.07
4.24
Fix lens
8.00
8.23
8.23
9.00
0.34
0.48
0.34
0.48
Eyepiece
10.00
0.02
0.02
11.00
1.85
2.77
1.85
2.77
12.00
0.28
0.30
0.28
0.30
14.00
0.93
0.37
0.93
0.37
Reimager
15.00
4.03
4.03
16.00
0.53
0.53
17.00
0.23
0.23
18.00
3.67
2.68
3.67
2.68
19.00
0.88
0.88
20.00
0.58
0.75
0.58
0.75
21.00
1.35
3.66
1.35
3.66
22.00
0.64
0.64
Seal window
23.00
0.64
0.64
Table 6
Diffraction Efficiency of a First Order Diffractive Surface on the First Lens Surface (which becomes Second-Surface Mirror for Reflection Path), Germanium, Reflected Path
0.0015
0.0056
0.9779
0.0079
0.0018
0.0274
0.1710
0.6839
0.0427
0.0140
0.0397
0.7303
0.1396
0.0235
0.0093
Table 7
Lens Data Prescription of the Narcissus Optimized Optics
The zoom group doublet moves by to change the field of view.
Table 4
RMS Polychromatic Wavefront Error versus Normalized Field Angle, Horizontal (HFOV), and Vertical Field of View (VFOV) in the First Quadrant for the Narcissus Unoptimized Optics at Narrow (NFOV) and Wide Field of View (WFOV) Modes
NFOV (HFOV) (VFOV)
0
0.0
0.061
0.062
0.065
0.061
0.062
0.068
0.057
0.057
0.08
WFOV (HFOV) (VFOV)
0
0.0
0.056
0.055
0.054
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.047
0.047
0.053
Table 5
Paraxial Narcissus Values of the Narcissus Unoptimized Optics at NFOV and WFOV Modes
Surface
NFOV
WFOV
Comments
yni
yni
1.00
34.61
96.20
2.5
2.93
Objective
2.00
2.79
2.08
0.2
0.2
3.00
3.37
1.92
1.54
2.5
Zoom group
4.00
2.44
1.28
1.34
1.91
5.00
15.75
0.85
6.00
5.42
3.49
2.23
3.9
7.00
9.07
4.24
9.07
4.24
Fix lens
8.00
8.23
8.23
9.00
0.34
0.48
0.34
0.48
Eyepiece
10.00
0.02
0.02
11.00
1.85
2.77
1.85
2.77
12.00
0.28
0.30
0.28
0.30
14.00
0.93
0.37
0.93
0.37
Reimager
15.00
4.03
4.03
16.00
0.53
0.53
17.00
0.23
0.23
18.00
3.67
2.68
3.67
2.68
19.00
0.88
0.88
20.00
0.58
0.75
0.58
0.75
21.00
1.35
3.66
1.35
3.66
22.00
0.64
0.64
Seal window
23.00
0.64
0.64
Table 6
Diffraction Efficiency of a First Order Diffractive Surface on the First Lens Surface (which becomes Second-Surface Mirror for Reflection Path), Germanium, Reflected Path
0.0015
0.0056
0.9779
0.0079
0.0018
0.0274
0.1710
0.6839
0.0427
0.0140
0.0397
0.7303
0.1396
0.0235
0.0093
Table 7
Lens Data Prescription of the Narcissus Optimized Optics