W. M. Farmer, R. D. Morris, and F. A. Schwartz, "Optical particle size measurements of hygroscopic smokes in
laboratory and field environments," Appl. Opt. 20, 3929-3940 (1981)
Optical particle size analyzer (PSA) measurements of hygroscopic smokes are
reported from experiments conducted in laboratory chambers and in field tests.
Three different instruments were used: a particle sizing interferometer; a
Climet (model 211); and a Particle Measurement Systems PSA (model CSASP-100-HC).
Field measurements were made in relative humidity conditions ranging between 65
and 97%. The results indicate that the size distributions are at least
bimodal—not log-normal—and that mean particle diameter does not
appear to increase with increasing relative humidity.
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Geometric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Volumetric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Mass mean diameter.
Second central moment or variance.
Geometric standard deviation averaged over the trial.
Table III
Dugway Proving Ground PSA Particle Size Distribution Data Obtained During the
H3S Test
Geometric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Volumetric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Mass mean diameter.
Second central moment or variance.
PSA size range 0.3 - 13 μm
Table IV
Comparisons of Concentration Estimates Obtained with the PSI and Chemical
Impingers During the H3S Test
NOTE:
PSI concentration estimate obtained using equation 9.
Time average dosage computed using chemical impinger data nearest PSI and
dividing by official trial time.
Yield factor is not realistic because of poor sampling statistics.
Note: All values of ρ above 90% are
extrapolated from equation 28, section 3.
Tables (4)
Table I
Comparison of Typical Laboratory PSA Data for 81–83% Relative
Humidity
GEOMETRIC MEAN DIAMETER
(μm)
GEOMETRIC STANDARD
DEVIATION
THIRD MOMENT
(μm3)
TYPICAL NUMBER DENSITY
% ≤ 0.3
(μm)
PSI
PMS CSASP
PSI
PMS CSASP
PSI
PMS CSASP
(cc−1·10−6)
HC
0.334
0.34
1.52
1.19
0.72
0.045
0.576
93
RED PHOSPHORUS
0.328
0.415
1.538
1.3
0.97
0.097
1.62
94.8 ± 0.8
FOG OIL
0.326
0.42
1.54
1.29
0.969
0.099
1.07
95.2 ± 0.9
Table II
PSI Particle Size Distribution Data Obtained During the H3S
Test
Geometric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Volumetric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Mass mean diameter.
Second central moment or variance.
Geometric standard deviation averaged over the trial.
Table III
Dugway Proving Ground PSA Particle Size Distribution Data Obtained During the
H3S Test
Geometric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Volumetric mean diameter averaged over the trial.
Mass mean diameter.
Second central moment or variance.
PSA size range 0.3 - 13 μm
Table IV
Comparisons of Concentration Estimates Obtained with the PSI and Chemical
Impingers During the H3S Test
NOTE:
PSI concentration estimate obtained using equation 9.
Time average dosage computed using chemical impinger data nearest PSI and
dividing by official trial time.
Yield factor is not realistic because of poor sampling statistics.
Note: All values of ρ above 90% are
extrapolated from equation 28, section 3.