Abstract
The class of causal negative index media is identified and analyzed through the development of a conceptual framework relying on polar paths and zero-pole placements of rational functions. In particular, necessary conditions on the refractive index function toward the achievement of with are found. The requirement of causality necessitates either significant loss/gain in some frequency bands or steep variation in immediately below or above the observation frequency. A particular system demonstrating negative refraction with arbitrarily small loss/gain for all frequencies through steep variation in is analyzed.
© 2013 Optical Society of America
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