Table I
Chromaticities of Twenty White Papers Measured by Berger with a Filtered Xenon Lamp (Zeiss Elrepho) and by Grum, et al. with a Macbeth D65-Simulator Fluorescent Lamp
| Berger | Grum et al. | Ratio |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Sample | x | y | Δz | x | y | Δz | Δz(G)/Δz(B) |
---|
Achrom | 0.3127 | 0.3290 | | 0.3164 | 0.3345 | | |
Substr. | 0.3157 | 0.3335 | 0.0000 | (0.3202) | (0.3396) | 0.0000 | |
40 | 0.3134 | 0.3297 | 0.0061 | 0.3201 | 0.3388 | 0.0009 | 0.15 |
10 | 0.3130 | 0.3300 | 0.0062 | 0.3182 | 0.3367 | 0.0049 | 0.79 |
32 | 0.3128 | 0.3294 | 0.0070 | 0.3195 | 0.3382 | 0.0021 | 0.30 |
28 | 0.3130 | 0.3289 | 0.0073 | 0.3196 | 0.3384 | 0.0018 | 0.25 |
36 | 0.3128 | 0.3291 | 0.0073 | 0.3195 | 0.3381 | 0.0022 | 0.30 |
11 | 0.3117 | 0.3284 | 0.0091 | 0.3164 | 0.3345 | 0.0089 | 0.98 |
12 | 0.3114 | 0.3270 | 0.0108 | 0.3176 | 0.3354 | 0.0068 | 0.63 |
33 | 0.3075 | 0.3214 | 0.0203 | 0.3170 | 0.3347 | 0.0081 | 0.40 |
29 | 0.3076 | 0.3207 | 0.0209 | 0.3171 | 0.3350 | 0.0077 | 0.37 |
37 | 0.3073 | 0.3207 | 0.0212 | 0.3170 | 0.3347 | 0.0081 | 0.38 |
7 | 0.3061 | 0.3212 | 0.0219 | 0.3150 | 0.3339 | 0.0109 | 0.50 |
13 | 0.3064 | 0.3197 | 0.0231 | 0.3150 | 0.3319 | 0.0129 | 0.56 |
42 | 0.3065 | 0.3191 | 0.0236 | 0.3180 | 0.3354 | 0.0064 | 0.27 |
43 | 0.3061 | 0.3183 | 0.0248 | 0.3183 | 0.3355 | 0.0060 | 0.24 |
30 | 0.3033 | 0.3148 | 0.0311 | 0.3148 | 0.3323 | 0.0127 | 0.41 |
34 | 0.3026 | 0.3140 | 0.0326 | 0.3147 | 0.3318 | 0.0133 | 0.41 |
38 | 0.3022 | 0.3136 | 0.0334 | 0.3146 | 0.3317 | 0.0135 | 0.40 |
39 | 0.3004 | 0.3113 | 0.0375 | 0.3140 | 0.3314 | 0.0144 | 0.38 |
31 | 0.3000 | 0.3105 | 0.0387 | 0.3140 | 0.3315 | 0.0143 | 0.37 |
35 | 0.2994 | 0.3095 | 0.0403 | 0.3134 | 0.3304 | 0.0160 | 0.40 |
10 | 0.3130 | 0.3300 | 0.0000 | 0.3182 | 0.3367 | 0.0000 | |
12 | 0.3114 | 0.3270 | 0.0046 | 0.3176 | 0.3354 | 0.0019 | 0.41 |
13 | 0.3064 | 0.3197 | 0.0169 | 0.3150 | 0.3319 | 0.0080 | 0.47 |
Note: Since the chromaticity of the substrate was not measured by Grum
et al., it was approximated by shifting the Berger values corresponding to the mean chromaticity difference of the achromatic point and of the two blued nonfluorescent samples 10 and 11. Samples 7, 12, 13 are blued and treated with FWA’s, sample 10 being the substrate for samples 12 and 13.
Table II
Mean μ and Standard Deviation σ of Computed Differences Between Experimental and True D65 Chromaticity, Luminance, and Whiteness (CIBA-GEIGY units)
Colorimetric data | Δx | Δy | ΔY | ΔW |
---|
μ | σ | μ | σ | μ | σ | μ | σ |
---|
Uncorrected | 0.0014 | ±0.0026 | 0.0031 | ±0.0045 | −1.05 | ±1.80 | −18 | ±23 |
Generally corrected | −0.0004 | ±0.0013 | 0.0003 | ±0.0031 | −0.11 | ±2.14 | 3 | ±12 |
Specifically corrected | −0.0011 | ±0.0009 | −0.0008 | ±0.0014 | −0.30 | ±0.30 | 4 | ±7 |
Table III
Differences Between Values Measured with Irradiations Indicated and Transformed to D65 by Formula (5) of Berger12 and True D65 Chromaticity Luminance and Whiteness (CIBA-GEIGY units) for CIBA-GEIGY White Scale Samples 210 Plastic (P) and 240 Cotton (C)
| Δx | Δy | ΔY | ΔW |
---|
Irradiation | P | C | P | C | P | C | P | C |
---|
D75 | −0.0020 | −0.0030 | −0.0031 | −0.0040 | 0.35 | 0.73 | 8 | 11 |
D55 | 0.0026 | 0.0037 | 0.0040 | 0.0051 | −0.40 | −0.80 | −10 | −14 |
A | 0.0070 | 0.0099 | 0.0105 | 0.0135 | −1.08 | −2.10 | −26 | −36 |
Xe(2) | −0.0066 | −0.0116 | −0.0114 | −0.0183 | 0.78 | 2.10 | 27 | 45 |
Xe(10) | −0.0021 | −0.0009 | −0.0035 | −0.0012 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 8 | 3 |
F(2) | −0.0024 | −0.0031 | −0.0051 | −0.0065 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 11 | 14 |
F(6) | −0.0132 | −0.0162 | −0.0232 | −0.0265 | 1.44 | 2.64 | 55 | 65 |
Table IV
Factors for Converting AGB in XYZ and Vice Versa
| CIE 1931 (2°) | CIE 1964 (10°) |
---|
| fXA | fXB | fZB | fXA | fXB | fZB |
---|
A | 1.0447 | 0.0539 | 0.3558 | 1.0571 | 0.0544 | 0.3520 |
D55 | 0.8061 | 0.1504 | 0.9209 | 0.8078 | 0.1502 | 0.9098 |
D65 | 0.7701 | 0.1804 | 1.0889 | 0.7683 | 0.1798 | 1.0733 |
D75 | 0.7446 | 0.2047 | 1.2256 | 0.7405 | 0.2038 | 1.2072 |
C | 0.7832 | 0.1975 | 1.1823 | 0.7772 | 0.1957 | 1.1614 |
E | 0.8328 | 0.1672 | 1.0000 | 0.8305 | 0.1695 | 1.0000 |
Table V
Ratios of Parameters α/β, μ/ν, ρ/σ as a Function of the Hue Preference Angle ϕI for Reference Dominant Wavelength 470 nm and for the Perfect Diffuser Irradiated by D65 and CIE 1931 2° Observer
ϕI | α/β | μ/ν | ρ/σ |
---|
Green preference | | | |
−35 | −1.1796 | 0.4556 | 2.7184 |
−30 | −0.9941 | 0.3974 | 2.1254 |
−25 | −0.8318 | 0.3431 | 1.7184 |
−20 | −0.6867 | 0.2914 | 1.4178 |
−15 | −0.5542 | 0.2415 | 1.1835 |
−10 | −0.4310 | 0.1926 | 0.9932 |
−5 | −0.3143 | 0.1439 | 0.8333 |
0 | −0.2021 | 0.0946 | 0.6951 |
5 | −0.0924 | 0.0439 | 0.5728 |
10 | 0.0164 | −0.0090 | 0.4621 |
15 | 0.1261 | −0.0651 | 0.3601 |
20 | 0.2384 | −0.1257 | 0.2643 |
25 | 0.3552 | −0.1924 | 0.1728 |
30 | 0.4785 | −0.2673 | 0.0840 |
35 | 0.6112 | −0.3536 | −0.0034 |
40 | 0.7566 | −0.4557 | −0.0909 |
45 | 0.9191 | −0.5804 | −0.1799 |
50 | 1.1051 | −0.7388 | −0.2716 |
55 | 1.3236 | −0.9507 | −0.3679 |
60 | 1.5882 | −1.2538 | −0.4705 |
Red preference | | | |
Note: If applied to D65 irradiation and CIE 1964 10° observer, the values of
ϕI refer approximately to a reference dominant wavelength of 463 nm.
Table VI
Luminance Factors Determined by Grum et al.11,28 for a D65-Simulator Fluorescent Lamp and CIE 1964 10° Observer
Sample | Y | Sample | Y |
---|
7 | 94.21 | A | 93.38 |
10 | 91.87 | B | 92.39 |
11 | 90.77 | C | 89.06 |
12 | 92.14 | D | 90.54 |
13 | 92.73 | E | 91.08 |
28 | 95.35 | F | 93.75 |
29 | 96.12 | G | 85.74 |
30 | 96.49 | H | 90.98 |
31 | 97.09 | J | 87.40 |
32 | 94.84 | K | 89.48 |
33 | 95.96 | L | 88.72 |
34 | 96.96 | | |
35 | 96.75 | | |
36 | 95.38 | | |
37 | 96.08 | | |
38 | 96.75 | | |
39 | 97.15 | | |
40 | 95.03 | | |
42 | 95.30 | | |
43 | 95.08 | | |
Table VII
Parameters and Correlation Coefficients Based on Data by Grum et al.11 for Various Whiteness Formulas and Hue Preference Angles ϕI
Samples | | | | 20 Berger | 11 ISCC |
---|
Whiteness formulas | | | | Correlation coefficients |
Grum et al. original (33) | | | | 0.991 | 0.991 |
Grum et al. simplified (34) | | | | 0.989 | 0.991 |
BGA | ϕI | β | γ | α | κ1 | | |
| 60 | 6.42 | −13.71 | 10.19 | −172.0 | 0.986 | 0.989 |
| 15 | 4.94 | −2.59 | 0.62 | −178.2 | 0.989 | 0.993 |
| −30 | 4.12 | 3.02 | −4.09 | −184.6 | 0.985 | 0.987 |
Lba | ϕI | λ | ν | μ | κ2 | | |
| 60 | 5.64 | −5.71 | 7.16 | −446.1 | 0.986 | 0.989 |
| 15 | 5.77 | −6.71 | 0.44 | −458.6 | 0.989 | 0.992 |
| −30 | 5.91 | −7.06 | −2.81 | −471.5 | 0.985 | 0.986 |
Yxy | ϕ | ∊ | ρ | σ | κ3 | | |
| 60 | 2.93 | 2818 | −5988 | 935.9 | 0.986 | 0.987 |
| 15 | 3.00 | −1052 | −2922 | 1129.5 | 0.989 | 0.991 |
| −30 | 3.07 | −2912 | −1370 | 1193.0 | 0.986 | 0.986 |
Table VIII
Calculation of Parameters ρ, σ, and κ3 for Whiteness Eq. (13) Based on Measurements (by Griesser) of Plates 5 to 12 of the CIBA-GEIGY Plastic White Scale with Instruments A, B, C, and CR (see Fig. 9) with ∊ = 2, ϕ = 20°, and ρ/σ = 0.2643
Instrument | S1* for W1* = 30 | S2* for W2* = −100 | ρ | σ | κ3 |
---|
A | 0.3780 | 0.4146 | −939 | −3552 | 1373 |
B | 0.3827 | 0.4145 | −1081 | −4088 | 1594 |
C | 0.3862 | 0.4145 | −1215 | −4594 | 1804 |
CR | 0.3816 | 0.4139 | −1064 | −4025 | 1566 |
Sample irradiation in instruments
B and
CR corresponds approximately to D65. In instrument
A there is an excess, and in instrument
C there is a deficiency in the relative uv content of the sample irradiation.
Table IX
Means and Standard Deviations of Visual Assessments of Tint of Forty-six Paper Samples by Berger10 vs the CIBA-GEIGY Plastic White Scale by Seven Observers
Sample number | Mean | Standard deviations | Sample number | Mean | Standard deviations |
---|
1 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 28 | −0.3 | 1.0 |
2 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 29 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
3 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 30 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 31 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
6 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 32 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
7 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 33 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
8 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 34 | −0.3 | 0.8 |
9 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 35 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
10 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 36 | −0.3 | 0.8 |
11 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 37 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
12 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 38 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
13 | −0.3 | 0.5 | 39 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
14 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 40 | −0.3 | 0.8 |
15 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 41 | −0.6 | 0.8 |
16 | −0.7 | 0.5 | 42 | −1.0 | 1.0 |
17 | −1.7 | 0.5 | 43 | −1.3 | 1.0 |
18 | −1.4 | 0.5 | 44 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
19 | −1.6 | 1.0 | 45 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
20 | −1.7 | 1.3 | 46 | −0.1 | 0.4 |
21 | −2.0 | 1.0 | 47 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
22 | −2.3 | 0.5 | 49 | −1.9 | 0.9 |
23 | −3.0 | 0.8 | 50 | −3.3 | 1.0 |
24 | −2.7 | 0.5 | 52 | −2.9 | 0.9 |
Note: Redness 5
R to 1
R is marked by negative values −5 to −1, neutral (blue) whiteness
B by 0, and greeness
G1 to
G5 by positive values 1 to 5 (contributed by Anders and Eckhardt).
Table X
Individual Assessments of Tint by Seven Observers of a Set of Forty-six Paper Samples from Berger10 vs the CIBA-GEIGY Plastic White Scale
Observer | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Mean |
---|
Samples | | | | | | | | |
Reddish | 17 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 15.0 |
Neutral | 19 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 25 | 19 | 20.4 |
Greenish | 10 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 10.6 |
Ratings | | | | | | | | |
Reddish | −44 | −36 | −35 | −29 | −27 | −19 | −25 | −30.7 |
Greenish | 20 | 14 | 22 | 18 | 22 | 20 | 37 | 21.9 |
Ratings/sample | | | | | | | | |
Reddish | −2.6 | −1.8 | −2.2 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −1.9 | −2.1 | −2.0 |
Greenish | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.0 |