Abstract
The functioning of all active integrated-optical (IO) systems, such as modulators, switches, and wavelength-tunable filters, is based on changes ΔN of the effective refractive indices ΔN of the guided modes. The required ΔN-changes are normally induced either electro-optically (with ns-response times) or thermo-optically (with ms-response times).
© 1996 Optical Society of America
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