Abstract
The efficiency of light emission from organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is one of the most important factors along with color spectrum and lifetime for solid-state lightings and flat panel displays. Over the past two decades, phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) have been recognized as a sole solution to achieve the external quantum efficiency (EQE) approaching the theoretical limit, because almost 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) can be realized by using phosphorescent material with heavy metal complexes enabling a strong spin–orbit coupling unlike fluorescent materials.
© 2014 Optical Society of America
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