Abstract

We have prepared and characterized several lanthanide ion complexes of multidentate ligands or chelates in an effort to develop new upconverting luminescent labels that can be immune to autofluorescence and photobleaching. This study has involved the characterization of various chelates of Nd, Er, and Tm with respect to relative luminescent efficiency and excited-state lifetimes and explored various two-photon stepwise excitation mechanisms. Using peak laser powers near $100\mathrm{kW}$, the upconversion emissions of Nd in $\mathrm{Nd}\left(\mathrm{EDTA}\right)_2{}^{5-}$ at $386\mathrm{nm}$, Er in $\mathrm{Er}\left(\mathrm{DPA}\right)_3{}^{3-}$ at $550\mathrm{nm}$, and Tm in $\mathrm{Tm}\left(\mathrm{DPA}\right)_3{}^{3-}$ at $480\mathrm{nm}$, at levels of $\sim {10}^{-12}\text{\hspace{0.17em} moles}$ can be detected.

© 2005 Optical Society of America

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