Optical constants of copper and nickel

Tennyson Smith

doi:10.1364/JOSA.67.000048

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 67,
Issue 1,
pp. 48-53
(1977)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.67.000048

Optical constants of copper and nickel

Tennyson Smith

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Tennyson Smith, "Optical constants of copper and nickel," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 48-53 (1977)

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Abstract

The optical constants of copper and nickel polycrystals have been measured at 5461 and 6328 Å. The measurements were made on samples that were mechanically polished, annealed in UHV, and ion bombardment cleaned to approach the ideal smooth, clean annealed state. Calculations are presented of values the optical constants would have if the presence of oxide films, surface roughness, and experimental errors are neglected. Comparison with literature values is given.

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History	AES Fig. 1. curve	Red light		Green light		Estimated refractive index of oxide film		Estimated film thickness (Å)
		λ = 6328 (Å)		λ = 5461 (Å)
		ϕ = 79.2°		ϕ = 79.9°
		Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	n	κ
Polished		58.4	42.2	47.7	37.8	2.8	0.3	60
UHV 8 × 10⁻⁶ torr	1	59.2	42.0	47.3	37.9	2.8	0.3	55
Ar⁺ bombard 49 min		62.3	41.4					40
Heat to 700 °C	2	72.9	43.0					3
100 °C		71.3	43.4					8
240 °C		70.9	43.2					8
300 °C		70.9	43.1					8
580 °C		72.1	42.3					8
720 °C		70.9	41.7					8
Ar⁺ at 700 °C
4 min		72.1	41.8					0
8 min		71.9	41.8					0
60 min	3	72.3	41.7					0
Ar⁺ at 100 °C
19 min		73.3	43.7					0
Ar⁺ at RT 16 h	4	73.0	43.1					0
Heat to 700 °C		72.4	42.7
Cool to 60 °C				55.2	38.1			0
Ar⁺ 10 min	5			55.3	38.2			0
16 h later		73.41	43.81	55.2	38.1			0
Let in air, 1 h		69.9	43.8	52.7	38.4	2.8	.3	15
120 h in air		69.5	43.6					17

History	AES Fig. 2. curve	Red light		Green light		Estimated refractive index of oxide film		Estimated film thickness (Å)
		λ = 6328 (Å)		λ = 5461 (Å)
		ϕ = 79.2°		ϕ = 79.9°
		Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	n	κ
Polished		78.9	32.5			2.6	0	25
Contamination from glove		74.5	30.7					44
UHV 5 × 10⁻⁹ torr	1	74.5	30.7					44
Ar⁺ 5 min		75.4	30.8					41
26 min		77.8	30.2					29
86 min		79.0	31.1					24
166 min		81.6	31.6					13
18 h	2	82.5	31.6					10
Heat to 600 °C	3	83.0	30.9					7
Ar⁺ 17 min		84.8	31.5					1
Heat to 500 °C								9
28 min		82.6	32.6
Ar⁺ 15 min		85.1	31.7					0
Ar⁺ 27 min	4	85.1	31.6	73.0	31.9			0
Ar⁺ 17 min				73.0	31.8			0
Let in air, evac	5			71.2	32.3	2.3	0	8
Let in air		80.2	32.2	70.9	32.6	2.3	0	9
264 h in air		80.2	32.3			2.3		9

		Angle of incidence											σ
Metal	History		40	45	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	μ	tanβ₀
Copper	Mechanical polish	Δ		152.4	145.0	135.8	125.2	112.4	96.4	76.6	53.8	28.2
		ψ		43.2	43.0	42.7	42.3	41.7	41.5	41.9	41.9	42.7
		I		.89	.89	.90	.91	.91	.92	.94	.97	1.0	0.05	0.005
	After UHV anneal at 700 °C	Δ		157.4	151.2	143.4	134.4	133.6	108.4	90.2	66.0	35.6
		ψ		44.5	44.4	44.2	44.1	43.9	43.8	43.6	43.6	43.7
		I	0.97		0.98		.99		.99		1	1	0.01	(0.001)
Nickel	Mechanical polish	Δ	166.8		156.9		141.5		116.3	96.7	69.2	23.0
		ψ	42.5		40.5		38.0		34.9	33.1	33.7	37.9
		I		0.91	.90	.90	.88	.87	.86	.86	.89	1	(< 0.01)	(< 0.001)
	After UHV anneal at 600 °C	Δ		163.9	159.1	153.3	145.7	135.9	122.7	103.7	76.1	40.3
		ψ		41.1	40.1	38.9	37.4	35.8	34.0	32.5	32.4	36.3
		I	0.90		.90		.90	.87	.87	.9	.9	1	(< 0.01)	(< 0.001)

					λ = 5461 Å		λ = 6328 Å
Year	Authors	Reference	Metal	Condition	n_s	κ_s	n_s	κ_s
1976	T. Smith	this work	copper	mechanical polish, anneal ion bombardment	0.89	3.0	0.17	21.5
1961	M. Otter	1	copper	solidified drop	0.89	3.1	0.10	37.0
1960	S. Roberts	3	copper	machined, electro-polish	0.82	3.3	0.11	33.6
1976	T. Smith	this work	nickel	mechanical polish, anneal, ion bombardment	1.99	1.84	2.20	1.89
1962	E. Menzel	2	nickel	solidified drop	1.94	1.89	2.17	1.92
	J. Gebhart
1959	S. Roberts	4	nickel	machined, electro-polish	1.54	2.25	1.88	1.98

History	AES Fig. 1. curve	Red light		Green light		Estimated refractive index of oxide film		Estimated film thickness (Å)
		λ = 6328 (Å)		λ = 5461 (Å)
		ϕ = 79.2°		ϕ = 79.9°
		Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	Δ (deg)	ψ (deg)	n	κ
Polished		58.4	42.2	47.7	37.8	2.8	0.3	60
UHV 8 × 10⁻⁶ torr	1	59.2	42.0	47.3	37.9	2.8	0.3	55
Ar⁺ bombard 49 min		62.3	41.4					40
Heat to 700 °C	2	72.9	43.0					3
100 °C		71.3	43.4					8
240 °C		70.9	43.2					8
300 °C		70.9	43.1					8
580 °C		72.1	42.3					8
720 °C		70.9	41.7					8
Ar⁺ at 700 °C
4 min		72.1	41.8					0
8 min		71.9	41.8					0
60 min	3	72.3	41.7					0
Ar⁺ at 100 °C
19 min		73.3	43.7					0
Ar⁺ at RT 16 h	4	73.0	43.1					0
Heat to 700 °C		72.4	42.7
Cool to 60 °C				55.2	38.1			0
Ar⁺ 10 min	5			55.3	38.2			0
16 h later		73.41	43.81	55.2	38.1			0
Let in air, 1 h		69.9	43.8	52.7	38.4	2.8	.3	15
120 h in air		69.5	43.6					17

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Journal of the Optical Society of America