Detection and Recognition of Photographic Detail. I. Empirical Data Applicable to the Prediction of Performance of Diffraction Limited Systems*

Duncan E. Macdonald; John T. Watson

doi:10.1364/JOSA.46.000715

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 46,
Issue 9,
pp. 715-720
(1956)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.46.000715

Detection and Recognition of Photographic Detail. I. Empirical Data Applicable to the Prediction of Performance of Diffraction Limited Systems

Duncan E. Macdonald and John T. Watson

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Duncan E. Macdonald and John T. Watson, "Detection and Recognition of Photographic Detail. I. Empirical Data Applicable to the Prediction of Performance of Diffraction Limited Systems*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46, 715-720 (1956)

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Abstract

Empirical data on visual detection and recognition of photographic detail as recorded on the photographic negative are presented in terms of sizes and contrasts in the object space. The performance of diffraction limited systems is given for five emulsions.

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Aperture	Diameter	Aperture ratio	Average resolution produced		PIus-X	Contrast Process Pan	Micro-File	Micro-File
Aperture	Diameter	Aperture ratio	Aero Tri-X	Aero Super-XX	PIus-X	Contrast Process Pan	Micro-File	Micro-File
							γ=1.4	γ=4.0
1	0.200 in.	25	30.9	44 lines/mm	44.0	44.8	63.0	52.2
2	0.141 in.	35	29.2	36.0	36.0	38.7	46.0	44.6
3	0.100 in.	50	24.2	31.5	30.0	30.5	35.0	32.9
4	0.071 in.	70	19.3	23.5	23.0	23.6	25.8	24.7
5	0.053 in.	94	15.4	18.5	18.4	18.4	20.5	19.0
6	0.036 in.	140	11.3	13.1	12.6	12.9	14.0	13.3
7	0.026 in.	190	8.6	9.7	9.3	9.8	10.6	10.0
8	0.017 in.	290	5.8	6.4	6.0	6.4	6.7	6.5
9	0.011 in.	450	3.8	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.6	4.3

					Development
Emulsion	Exposure Apertures 1–7	Aperture 8	Aperture 9	Developer	Time	Temperature	Gamma
Aero Tri-X	0.5 sec	2 sec	6 sec	D-19	10 min	68°F	1.30±0.10
Aero Super-XX R.P.	1 sec	3 sec	11 sec	D-19	$4 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.30±0.10
Plus-X	2 sec	6 sec	22 sec	DK-60a	$4 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.00±0.05
Contrast Process Pan	3 sec	8 sec	24 sec	D-11 (1:1)	8 min	68°F	4.00±0.20
Micro-File 1.4	30 sec	80 sec	290 sec	Microdol (1:4)	$7 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.40±0.10
Micro-File 4.0	14 sec	35 sec	118 sec	D-11 (1:1)	$10 \frac{3}{4} min$	68°F	4.00±0.20

Probability level	0.50–0.55	0.56–0.65	0.66–0.85	0.86–0.95	0.96–1.00
Aero-Tri-X	0.04	0.07	0.05	0.01	0.01
Aero-XX R.P.	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Plus-X	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
C. P. P.	0.05	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01
Micro-File 1.4	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Micro-File 4.0	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01

Aperture	Diameter	Aperture ratio	Average resolution produced		PIus-X	Contrast Process Pan	Micro-File	Micro-File
Aperture	Diameter	Aperture ratio	Aero Tri-X	Aero Super-XX	PIus-X	Contrast Process Pan	Micro-File	Micro-File
							γ=1.4	γ=4.0
1	0.200 in.	25	30.9	44 lines/mm	44.0	44.8	63.0	52.2
2	0.141 in.	35	29.2	36.0	36.0	38.7	46.0	44.6
3	0.100 in.	50	24.2	31.5	30.0	30.5	35.0	32.9
4	0.071 in.	70	19.3	23.5	23.0	23.6	25.8	24.7
5	0.053 in.	94	15.4	18.5	18.4	18.4	20.5	19.0
6	0.036 in.	140	11.3	13.1	12.6	12.9	14.0	13.3
7	0.026 in.	190	8.6	9.7	9.3	9.8	10.6	10.0
8	0.017 in.	290	5.8	6.4	6.0	6.4	6.7	6.5
9	0.011 in.	450	3.8	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.6	4.3

					Development
Emulsion	Exposure Apertures 1–7	Aperture 8	Aperture 9	Developer	Time	Temperature	Gamma
Aero Tri-X	0.5 sec	2 sec	6 sec	D-19	10 min	68°F	1.30±0.10
Aero Super-XX R.P.	1 sec	3 sec	11 sec	D-19	$4 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.30±0.10
Plus-X	2 sec	6 sec	22 sec	DK-60a	$4 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.00±0.05
Contrast Process Pan	3 sec	8 sec	24 sec	D-11 (1:1)	8 min	68°F	4.00±0.20
Micro-File 1.4	30 sec	80 sec	290 sec	Microdol (1:4)	$7 \frac{1}{2} min$	68°F	1.40±0.10
Micro-File 4.0	14 sec	35 sec	118 sec	D-11 (1:1)	$10 \frac{3}{4} min$	68°F	4.00±0.20

Abstract

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Tables (3)

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Journal of the Optical Society of America