Optical eye simulator for laser dazzle events

João M. P. Coelho; José Freitas; Craig A. Williamson

doi:10.1364/AO.55.002240

Applied Optics
Vol. 55,
Issue 9,
pp. 2240-2251
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.002240

Optical eye simulator for laser dazzle events

João M. P. Coelho, José Freitas, and Craig A. Williamson

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João M. P. Coelho, José Freitas, and Craig A. Williamson, "Optical eye simulator for laser dazzle events," Appl. Opt. 55, 2240-2251 (2016)

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Abstract

An optical simulator of the human eye and its application to laser dazzle events are presented. The simulator combines optical design software (ZEMAX) with a scientific programming language (MATLAB) and allows the user to implement and analyze a dazzle scenario using practical, real-world parameters. Contrary to conventional analytical glare analysis, this work uses ray tracing and the scattering model and parameters for each optical element of the eye. The theoretical background of each such element is presented in relation to the model. The overall simulator’s calibration, validation, and performance analysis are achieved by comparison with a simpler model based uponCIE disability glare data. Results demonstrate that this kind of advanced optical eye simulation can be used to represent laser dazzle and has the potential to extend the range of applicability of analytical models.

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Element	Parameter	Symbol	Units
Laser	Wavelength	$λ_{L}$	nm
	Power	$P_{L}$	W
	Divergence	$θ_{L}$	mrad
	Beam diameter	$d_{L}$	mm
	Distance to eye	$Δ_{L}$	m
	No. of analysis rays	–	–
	Transverse or sagital angle	$θ$	deg
Scene/Target	Background luminance	$L_{b}$	$cd / m^{2}$
	Field of view	${FoV}_{S}$	deg
Eye	Age	age	years
	Accommodation (dist. to target)	$Δ_{T}$	m
	Pupil diameter	$d_{p}$	mm
Imaging area	Size	$w_{I}$	mm
(for dazzle field)	No. of pixels	–	–
	Field of view	${FoV}_{I}$	deg

Parameter	Iris color	Stroma	ABL
$C_{em} (mg / ml)$	Brown	0.02150	0.0220
	Blue	0.00062	0.0009
$C_{ph} (mg / ml)$	Brown	0.00560	0.0073
	Blue	0.00008	0.0002
$C_{oxy} (mol / l)$		2.4E-5	–
$C_{deoxy} (mol / l)$		4.2E-5	–
$C_{lut} (mg / ml)$		0.0001562	–
$C_{zeax} (mg / ml)$		0.00005968	–

	Scenario
Parameter	1	2	3	4
$L_{b} (cd / m 2)$	0.01	0.1	1	5000
$I_{L} (μW / {cm}^{2})$	6	6	6	600
$Δ_{T} (m)$	68	80	68	21.44
$P_{L} (mW)$	10	13.7	10	100
$θ_{L} (mrad)$	3.35	3.35	3.35	3.35

		Variation (%)
Scenario	$L_{b} (cd / m^{2})$	Uncalibrated	Calibrated
1	0.01	$+ 52$	$+ 3$
2	0.1	$+ 40$	$+ 7$
3	1	−12	$+ 5$
4	5000	−2971	$+ 2$

Element	Parameter	Symbol	Units
Laser	Wavelength	$λ_{L}$	nm
	Power	$P_{L}$	W
	Divergence	$θ_{L}$	mrad
	Beam diameter	$d_{L}$	mm
	Distance to eye	$Δ_{L}$	m
	No. of analysis rays	–	–
	Transverse or sagital angle	$θ$	deg
Scene/Target	Background luminance	$L_{b}$	$cd / m^{2}$
	Field of view	${FoV}_{S}$	deg
Eye	Age	age	years
	Accommodation (dist. to target)	$Δ_{T}$	m
	Pupil diameter	$d_{p}$	mm
Imaging area	Size	$w_{I}$	mm
(for dazzle field)	No. of pixels	–	–
	Field of view	${FoV}_{I}$	deg

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Applied Optics