Feasibility analysis of an epidermal glucose sensor based on time-resolved fluorescence

Kamal M. Katika; Laurent Pilon

doi:10.1364/AO.46.003359

Applied Optics
Vol. 46,
Issue 16,
pp. 3359-3368
(2007)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.003359

Feasibility analysis of an epidermal glucose sensor based on time-resolved fluorescence

Kamal M. Katika and Laurent Pilon

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Kamal M. Katika and Laurent Pilon, "Feasibility analysis of an epidermal glucose sensor based on time-resolved fluorescence," Appl. Opt. 46, 3359-3368 (2007)

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- Medical Optics and Biotechnology
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 13, 2006
- Revised Manuscript: February 9, 2007
- Manuscript Accepted: February 13, 2007
- Published: May 15, 2007
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 2, Iss. 7

Abstract

The goal of this study is to test the feasibility of using an embedded time-resolved fluorescence sensor for monitoring glucose concentration. Skin is modeled as a multilayer medium with each layer having its own optical properties and fluorophore absorption coefficients, lifetimes, and quantum yields obtained from the literature. It is assumed that the two main fluorophores contributing to the fluorescence at these excitation and emission wavelengths are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)H and collagen. The intensity distributions of excitation and fluorescent light in skin are determined by solving the transient radiative transfer equation by using the modified method of characteristics. The fluorophore lifetimes are then recovered from the simulated fluorescence decays and compared with the actual lifetimes used in the simulations. Furthermore, the effect of adding Poissonian noise to the simulated decays on recovering the lifetimes was studied. For all cases, it was found that the fluorescence lifetime of NADH could not be recovered because of its negligible contribution to the overall fluorescence signal. The other lifetimes could be recovered to within 1.3% of input values. Finally, the glucose concentrations within the skin were recovered to within 13.5% of their actual values, indicating a possibility of measuring glucose concentrations by using a time-resolved fluorescence sensor.

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Layer	Thickness^b (μm)	n _λ ^b		μ_a,λ ^b (cm⁻¹)		μ_s,λ ^b (cm⁻¹)		g _λ ^b		τ_{λ_x} ^c (ns)	$μ_{a, λ_{x} F}$ ^c (cm⁻¹)	QY _{λ_x} ^c
Layer	Thickness^b (μm)	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	∼λ_x	∼λ_x	∼λ_x
Five-layer model
1.Epidermis	100	1.5	1.5	32	10.7	165	120	0.72	0.78	1.5	3.15	0.05
2.Dermis	200	1.4	1.4	23	3	227	205	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
3.Dermis with plexus superficialis	200	1.4	1.4	40	5.2	246	219	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
4.Dermis	900	1.4	1.4	23	3	227	205	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
5.Dermis with plexus profundus	600	1.4	1.4	46	6	253	225	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
Two-layer model
1.Epidermis	100	1.5	1.5	32	10.7	165	120	0.72	0.78	1.5	3.15	0.05
2.Sensor	50	1.37	1.37	1.88	0.1	10	10	0.9	0.9	11.25	1.88	0.74
3.Dermis	1900	1.4	1.4	32	4	237	213	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3

Parameter	Actual Value (ns)	Recovered Value (ns)	Standard Deviation (ns)	χ²
Without noise
τ₁	1.5	0.81	1.56 × 10⁻⁵	0.94
τ₂	5.2	5.20	7.05 × 10⁻⁸
With noise
τ₁	1.5	1.27	1.81 × 10⁻⁵	1.1
τ₂	5.2	5.20	8.98 × 10⁻⁷

Glucose Concentration	Parameter	Actual Value (ns)	Recovered Value (ns)	Standard Deviation (ns)	χ²
5 mM
Without noise	τ₁	1.5	0.03	1.33 × 10⁻⁷	0.05
	τ₂	5.2	5.12	3.54 × 10⁻⁶
	τ₃	11.25	11.25	2.31 × 10⁻⁶
With noise	τ₁	1.5	0.06	2.95 × 10⁻⁷	1.35
	τ₂	5.2	5.07	8.94 × 10⁻⁶
	τ₃	11.25	11.18	5.11 × 10⁻⁶
20 mM
Without noise	τ₁	1.5	0.13	5.97 × 10⁻⁷	0.06
	τ₂	5.2	5.13	1.00 × 10⁻⁶
	τ₃	12.00	11.98	2.13 × 10⁻⁶
With noise	τ₁	1.5	0.03	6.95 × 10⁻⁷	1.07
	τ₂	5.2	5.06	1.18 × 10⁻⁵
	τ₃	12.00	11.89	1.20 × 10⁻⁵

Layer	Thickness^b (μm)	n _λ ^b		μ_a,λ ^b (cm⁻¹)		μ_s,λ ^b (cm⁻¹)		g _λ ^b		τ_{λ_x} ^c (ns)	$μ_{a, λ_{x} F}$ ^c (cm⁻¹)	QY _{λ_x} ^c
Layer	Thickness^b (μm)	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	λ_x	λ_F	∼λ_x	∼λ_x	∼λ_x
Five-layer model
1.Epidermis	100	1.5	1.5	32	10.7	165	120	0.72	0.78	1.5	3.15	0.05
2.Dermis	200	1.4	1.4	23	3	227	205	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
3.Dermis with plexus superficialis	200	1.4	1.4	40	5.2	246	219	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
4.Dermis	900	1.4	1.4	23	3	227	205	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
5.Dermis with plexus profundus	600	1.4	1.4	46	6	253	225	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3
Two-layer model
1.Epidermis	100	1.5	1.5	32	10.7	165	120	0.72	0.78	1.5	3.15	0.05
2.Sensor	50	1.37	1.37	1.88	0.1	10	10	0.9	0.9	11.25	1.88	0.74
3.Dermis	1900	1.4	1.4	32	4	237	213	0.72	0.78	5.2	0.9	0.3

Parameter	Actual Value (ns)	Recovered Value (ns)	Standard Deviation (ns)	χ²
Without noise
τ₁	1.5	0.81	1.56 × 10⁻⁵	0.94
τ₂	5.2	5.20	7.05 × 10⁻⁸
With noise
τ₁	1.5	1.27	1.81 × 10⁻⁵	1.1
τ₂	5.2	5.20	8.98 × 10⁻⁷

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Applied Optics