Experimental and numerical analyses of misalignment tolerances in free-space optical interconnects

Frédéric Lacroix; Marc Châteauneuf; Xin Xue; Andrew G. Kirk

doi:10.1364/AO.39.000704

Applied Optics
Vol. 39,
Issue 5,
pp. 704-713
(2000)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.000704

Experimental and numerical analyses of misalignment tolerances in free-space optical interconnects

Frédéric Lacroix, Marc Châteauneuf, Xin Xue, and Andrew G. Kirk

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Frédéric Lacroix, Marc Châteauneuf, Xin Xue, and Andrew G. Kirk, "Experimental and numerical analyses of misalignment tolerances in free-space optical interconnects," Appl. Opt. 39, 704-713 (2000)

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Abstract

A comparison of numerical analyses with experimental measurements suggests that both the ray-tracing and the Gaussian beam-propagation models overestimate the misalignment tolerances for on-axis beams and fail to predict the large longitudinal focal shift that occurs for off-axis beams propagating in free-space optical interconnects.

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Model	Gaussian Beam	Diffraction from Apertures	Aberrations	Complexitya
Gaussian beam propagation	Yes	No	No	M
Ray tracing	Yesb	No	Yes	N × M
Wave propagation	Yes	Yes	Yes	M × N ²²

Model	On-Axis Tolerance		Off-Axis Tolerance
Model	Lateral X	Longitudinal Z	Lateral X	Longitudinal Z
Gaussian beam	±17 µm	±850 µm	⁺¹⁷ _-16 µm	⁺⁷⁸⁵ _-860 µm
Ray tracing	±17 µm	±1050 µm	⁺¹⁷ _-16 µm	±1000 µm
Wave propagationa	±11 µm	±850 µm
Experimental data	±11 µm	±850 µm	⁺¹¹ _-13 µm	⁺¹²⁴⁰ _-385 µm

Model	Gaussian Beam	Diffraction from Apertures	Aberrations	Complexitya
Gaussian beam propagation	Yes	No	No	M
Ray tracing	Yesb	No	Yes	N × M
Wave propagation	Yes	Yes	Yes	M × N ²²

Model	On-Axis Tolerance		Off-Axis Tolerance
Model	Lateral X	Longitudinal Z	Lateral X	Longitudinal Z
Gaussian beam	±17 µm	±850 µm	⁺¹⁷ _-16 µm	⁺⁷⁸⁵ _-860 µm
Ray tracing	±17 µm	±1050 µm	⁺¹⁷ _-16 µm	±1000 µm
Wave propagationa	±11 µm	±850 µm
Experimental data	±11 µm	±850 µm	⁺¹¹ _-13 µm	⁺¹²⁴⁰ _-385 µm

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