Narrow beam light transfer in small particles: image blurring and depolarization

Tadashi Aruga; Takashi Igarashi

doi:10.1364/AO.20.002698

Applied Optics
Vol. 20,
Issue 15,
pp. 2698-2705
(1981)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.20.002698

Narrow beam light transfer in small particles: image blurring and depolarization

Tadashi Aruga and Takashi Igarashi

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Tadashi Aruga and Takashi Igarashi, "Narrow beam light transfer in small particles: image blurring and depolarization," Appl. Opt. 20, 2698-2705 (1981)

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Abstract

Narrow beam light transfer in a layer of small particles is treated theoretically in terms of degradation of image quality and depolarization. Computer simulations using Monte Carlo methods are described, and some results of the simulations are shown. Simulations were done for cases in which a ground-based linearly polarized light beam is transmitted to a spacecraft through cloud layers, and the light is detected on the spacecraft. Image degradation and light depolarization resulting from transmission through clouds are shown qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicate that depolarization is negligibly small, but degradation of image quality is not negligible, especially when the light beam divergence is large. At infrared wavelengths the effect of image blurring is much smaller than at visible wavelengths.

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Corrections

Tadashi Aruga and Takashi Igarashi, "Narrow beam light transfer in small particles: image blurring and depolarization: erratum," Appl. Opt. 20, 3831-3831 (1981)
https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-20-22-3831

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cloud	wavelength (μm)	β_e(cm⁻¹)	β_s(cm⁻¹)	ω=(β_s/β_e)
As	0.5	9.86×10⁻⁴	9.86×10⁻⁴	1.00
As	10.6	6.54×10⁻⁴	3.39×10⁻⁴	0.52

Ns	0.5	1.36×10⁻³	1.36×10⁻³	1.00
Ns	10.6	1.29×10⁻³	7.37×10⁻⁴	0.57

Sc	0.5	4.32×10⁻⁴	4.32×10⁻⁴	1.00
Sc	10.6	2.18×10⁻⁴	1.03×10⁻⁴	0.47

cloud	d (τ)	λ	γ	D	I_s	I_d
As	25m(2.47)	0.5μm	1mrd	1.9×10⁻⁵ (5.8×10⁻⁸)	2.9×10⁻¹⁵	1.9×10⁻¹²
As	50 (4.94)	0.5	1	3.3×10⁻⁴ (3.7×10⁻⁶)	3.1×10⁻¹⁶	5.9×10⁻¹⁴	(a)
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	1	2.2×10⁻³ (8.1×10⁻⁵)	3.5×10⁻¹⁷	1.8×10⁻¹⁵	(b)
As	50 (4.94)	0.5	10	3.4×10⁻⁴ (1.8×10⁻⁴)	3.0×10⁻¹⁶	5.9×10⁻¹⁶	(c)
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	10	2.9×10⁻³ (2.3×10⁻³)	3.7×10⁻¹⁷	1.8×10⁻¹⁷
As	50 (3.27)	10.6	1	1.8×10⁻¹³ (2.9×10⁻⁸)	5.2×10⁻¹⁸	6.3×10⁻¹³	(d)
As	100 (6.54)	10.6	1	7.3×10⁻³ (3.2×10⁻⁶)	2.7×10⁻¹⁵	6.1×10⁻¹⁵
Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	1	3.2×10⁻⁴ (2.0×10⁻⁵)	1.2×10⁻¹⁶	4.2×10⁻¹⁵	(e)
*Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	1	3.2×10⁻⁴ (2.0×10⁻⁵)	1.3×10⁻¹⁶	4.2×10⁻¹⁵
Ns	25 (3.41)	0.5	1	2.3×10⁻⁵ (2.8×10⁻⁷)	3.0×10⁻¹⁵	5.2×10⁻¹³	(f)
Ns	25 (3.23)	10.6	1	5.3×10⁻⁴ (2.4×10⁻⁸)	1.4×10⁻¹⁷	6.6×10⁻¹³
Ns	50 (6.46)	10.6	1	2.7×10⁻³ (7.0×10⁻⁷)	9.1×10⁻¹⁹	6.9×10⁻¹⁵	(g)
Sc	50 (2.16)	0.5	1	3.9×10⁻⁵ (5.9×10⁻⁸)	2.3×10⁻¹⁵	3.0×10⁻¹²
Sc	75 (3.24)	0.5	1	1.0×10⁻⁴ (2.8×10⁻⁷)	9.1×10⁻¹⁶	6.5×10⁻¹³
Sc	50 (1.09)	10.6	1	6.1×10⁻⁴ (1.3×10⁻⁹)	1.4×10⁻¹⁶	1.4×10⁻¹¹
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	200	8.4×10⁻³ (8.4×10⁻³)	1.1×10⁻¹⁷	4.5×10⁻²⁰	(h)
Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	200	6.0×10⁻³ (6.0×10⁻³)	1.8×10⁻¹⁷	1.0×10⁻¹⁹
*Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	200	6.0×10⁻³ (6.0×10⁻³)	1.8×10⁻¹⁷	1.0×10⁻¹⁹

	Kind of Cloud	Height of Cloud	Depth of Cloud	Beam–div. of Light	Wavelength of Light
Image Pattern	Δ	○	○
Polarization	Δ	×	○	Δ	○
Scattered Intensity	○	×	○	Δ
Direct Intensity	○	×			○

cloud	wavelength (μm)	β_e(cm⁻¹)	β_s(cm⁻¹)	ω=(β_s/β_e)
As	0.5	9.86×10⁻⁴	9.86×10⁻⁴	1.00
As	10.6	6.54×10⁻⁴	3.39×10⁻⁴	0.52

Ns	0.5	1.36×10⁻³	1.36×10⁻³	1.00
Ns	10.6	1.29×10⁻³	7.37×10⁻⁴	0.57

Sc	0.5	4.32×10⁻⁴	4.32×10⁻⁴	1.00
Sc	10.6	2.18×10⁻⁴	1.03×10⁻⁴	0.47

cloud	d (τ)	λ	γ	D	I_s	I_d
As	25m(2.47)	0.5μm	1mrd	1.9×10⁻⁵ (5.8×10⁻⁸)	2.9×10⁻¹⁵	1.9×10⁻¹²
As	50 (4.94)	0.5	1	3.3×10⁻⁴ (3.7×10⁻⁶)	3.1×10⁻¹⁶	5.9×10⁻¹⁴	(a)
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	1	2.2×10⁻³ (8.1×10⁻⁵)	3.5×10⁻¹⁷	1.8×10⁻¹⁵	(b)
As	50 (4.94)	0.5	10	3.4×10⁻⁴ (1.8×10⁻⁴)	3.0×10⁻¹⁶	5.9×10⁻¹⁶	(c)
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	10	2.9×10⁻³ (2.3×10⁻³)	3.7×10⁻¹⁷	1.8×10⁻¹⁷
As	50 (3.27)	10.6	1	1.8×10⁻¹³ (2.9×10⁻⁸)	5.2×10⁻¹⁸	6.3×10⁻¹³	(d)
As	100 (6.54)	10.6	1	7.3×10⁻³ (3.2×10⁻⁶)	2.7×10⁻¹⁵	6.1×10⁻¹⁵
Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	1	3.2×10⁻⁴ (2.0×10⁻⁵)	1.2×10⁻¹⁶	4.2×10⁻¹⁵	(e)
*Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	1	3.2×10⁻⁴ (2.0×10⁻⁵)	1.3×10⁻¹⁶	4.2×10⁻¹⁵
Ns	25 (3.41)	0.5	1	2.3×10⁻⁵ (2.8×10⁻⁷)	3.0×10⁻¹⁵	5.2×10⁻¹³	(f)
Ns	25 (3.23)	10.6	1	5.3×10⁻⁴ (2.4×10⁻⁸)	1.4×10⁻¹⁷	6.6×10⁻¹³
Ns	50 (6.46)	10.6	1	2.7×10⁻³ (7.0×10⁻⁷)	9.1×10⁻¹⁹	6.9×10⁻¹⁵	(g)
Sc	50 (2.16)	0.5	1	3.9×10⁻⁵ (5.9×10⁻⁸)	2.3×10⁻¹⁵	3.0×10⁻¹²
Sc	75 (3.24)	0.5	1	1.0×10⁻⁴ (2.8×10⁻⁷)	9.1×10⁻¹⁶	6.5×10⁻¹³
Sc	50 (1.09)	10.6	1	6.1×10⁻⁴ (1.3×10⁻⁹)	1.4×10⁻¹⁶	1.4×10⁻¹¹
As	75 (7.40)	0.5	200	8.4×10⁻³ (8.4×10⁻³)	1.1×10⁻¹⁷	4.5×10⁻²⁰	(h)
Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	200	6.0×10⁻³ (6.0×10⁻³)	1.8×10⁻¹⁷	1.0×10⁻¹⁹
*Ns	50 (6.81)	0.5	200	6.0×10⁻³ (6.0×10⁻³)	1.8×10⁻¹⁷	1.0×10⁻¹⁹

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Applied Optics