R. P. Bukata, J. H. Jerome, J. E. Bruton, and S. C. Jain, "Determination of inherent optical properties of Lake Ontario coastal waters," Appl. Opt. 18, 3926-3932 (1979)
Two optical models (one based upon Monte Carlo simulations of the solutions of the radiative transfer equations and one based upon exponential/quasi-single scattering simulations) relating the apparent and inherent optical properties of natural water masses are utilized in conjunction with directly measured values of the irradiance attenuation coefficient K(0), the diffuse reflectance R(0), and the total attenuation coefficient c to determine the inherent optical properties of Lake Ontario coastal waters. Tables are presented displaying the calculated values of scattering albedo ω0, forwardscattering probability F, backscattering probability B, absorption coefficient a, and scattering coefficient b as a function of wavelength. From the tables of calculated values, it is shown that both F and b display a spectral invariance, while ω0 displays distinct spectral variations, the spectral variations apparent in the measured values of c may be attributable to spectral variations in a, and B displays a spectral change that varies inversely with the spectral change in a and c. The volume scattering phase function β(θ) appears to be altered by the absorption characteristics of the water mass, contrary to the generally accepted premise that absorption and particulate backscattering are independent processes.
Willy Okullo, Taddeo Ssenyonga, Børge Hamre, Øyvind Frette, K. Sørensen, Jakob J. Stamnes, Andreas Steigen, and Knut Stamnes Appl. Opt. 46(36) 8553-8561 (2007)
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Experimental Values of Diffuse Reflectance R(0) and Irradiance Attenuation K(0) in Five Spectral Channels Measured in Lake Ontario During May and June 1977
Station
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
17 May
1
0.013
0.017
0.028
0.033
0.017
0.68
0.57
0.39
0.36
0.52
2
0.0088
0.011
0.021
0.026
0.012
0.66
0.56
0.37
0.32
0.46
3
0.014
0.020
0.036
0.040
0.018
0.65
0.53
0.33
0.28
0.45
4
0.014
0.019
0.036
0.039
0.021
0.63
0.50
0.30
0.25
0.39
5
0.013
0.017
0.030
0.034
0.015
0.70
0.54
0.35
0.33
0.47
6
0.019
0.026
0.044
0.044
0.021
0.70
0.56
0.38
0.35
0.52
7
0.012
0.016
0.027
0.028
0.011
0.60
0.50
0.34
0.29
0.46
3 June
1
0.033
0.039
0.058
0.072
0.037
0.90
0.76
0.57
0.47
0.62
2
0.030
0.039
0.066
0.077
0.041
0.70
0.57
0.36
0.30
0.45
3
0.019
0.022
0.034
0.038
0.017
0.68
0.57
0.39
0.36
0.51
4
0.016
0.022
0.033
0.035
0.015
0.57
0.48
0.32
0.29
0.45
5
0.013
0.017
0.026
0.028
0.013
0.57
0.47
0.33
0.29
0.44
6
0.013
0.018
0.025
0.029
0.011
0.56
0.44
0.31
0.28
0.42
7
0.013
0.017
0.025
0.028
0.015
0.58
0.46
0.32
0.33
0.50
9
0.013
0.016
0.024
0.023
0.0092
0.57
0.47
0.34
0.30
0.43
11
0.011
0.015
0.022
0.023
0.0094
0.56
0.46
0.33
0.29
0.42
12
0.010
0.013
0.018
0.022
0.010
0.52
0.43
0.31
0.28
0.43
Table II
Calculated Values of Forwardscattering Probability F and Scattering Albedo ω0 in Five Spectral Channels Using the 17 May 1977 Data
Station
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
ω01
ω02
ω03
ω04
ω05
1
0.987
0.985
0.983
0.982
0.987
0.763
0.780
0.842
0.856
0.806
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.988
0.771
0.790
0.862
0.878
0.819
2
0.991
0.990
0.988
0.987
0.991
0.750
0.772
0.844
0.859
0.816
0.991
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.992
0.755
0.780
0.862
0.880
0.828
3
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.982
0.988
0.757
0.795
0.866
0.881
0.826
0.987
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.765
0.808
0.889
0.906
0.841
4
0.987
0.985
0.983
0.984
0.988
0.768
0.805
0.875
0.891
0.843
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.777
0.818
0.898
0.917
0.861
5
0.986
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.989
0.740
0.782
0.857
0.862
0.814
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.986
0.990
0.746
0.792
0.879
0.884
0.827
6
0.977
0.976
0.972
0.974
0.982
0.725
0.777
0.837
0.850
0.787
0.978
0.978
0.977
0.979
0.983
0.735
0.792
0.860
0.873
0.801
7
0.989
0.987
0.985
0.987
0.992
0.774
0.792
0.854
0.870
0.814
0.990
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.993
0.782
0.803
0.874
0.892
0.826
Table III
Calculated Values of Forwardscattering Probability F Scattering Albedo ω0 in Five Spectral Channels Using the 3 June 1977 Data
Station
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
ω01
ω02
ω03
ω04
ω05
1
0.970
0.967
0.964
0.961
0.973
0.778
0.794
0.845
0.867
0.818
0.973
0.972
0.972
0.972
0.978
0.795
0.814
0.871
0.894
0.838
2
0.977
0.975
0.972
0.972
0.977
0.811
0.835
0.888
0.905
0.856
0.980
0.979
0.980
0.981
0.982
0.829
0.857
0.915
0.933
0.879
3
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.980
0.987
0.775
0.794
0.850
0.860
0.806
0.984
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.988
0.787
0.808
0.872
0.882
0.819
4
0.986
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.988
0.778
0.802
0.856
0.865
0.798
0.986
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.788
0.817
0.878
0.888
0.809
5
0.988
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.990
0.769
0.795
0.849
0.860
0.800
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.990
0.777
0.807
0.869
0.881
0.817
6
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.991
0.757
0.796
0.846
0.857
0.791
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.991
0.764
0.808
0.865
0.878
0.801
7
0.987
0.986
0.986
0.983
0.986
0.756
0.792
0.844
0.840
0.770
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.985
0.987
0.763
0.804
0.863
0.859
0.779
9
0.987
0.986
0.984
0.986
0.993
0.759
0.779
0.830
0.843
0.791
0.988
0.986
0.986
0.988
0.993
0.767
0.790
0.848
0.862
0.799
11
0.989
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.992
0.751
0.775
0.830
0.846
0.790
0.989
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.992
0.757
0.785
0.846
0.865
0.798
12
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.987
0.993
0.754
0.785
0.835
0.847
0.787
0.990
0.989
0.990
0.989
0.993
0.759
0.795
0.851
0.864
0.794
Table IV
Measured Values of Total Attenuation Coefficient c, Calculated Values of Absorption Coefficient a, and Scattering Coefficient b in Five Spectral Channels, 17 May 1977
Station
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
1
2.58
2.31
2.26
2.29
2.45
1.97
1.80
1.90
1.96
1.98
0.61
0.51
0.36
0.33
0.47
1.99
1.83
1.95
2.01
2.01
0.59
0.48
0.31
0.28
0.44
2
2.40
2.24
2.24
2.18
2.35
1.80
1.73
1.89
1.87
1.92
0.60
0.51
0.35
0.31
0.43
1.81
1.75
1.93
1.92
1.95
0.59
0.49
0.31
0.26
0.40
3
2.41
2.31
2.27
2.26
2.37
1.82
1.84
1.97
1.99
1.96
0.59
0.47
0.31
0.27
0.41
1.84
1.87
2.02
2.05
1.99
0.57
0.44
0.25
0.21
0.38
4
2.43
2.29
2.27
2.23
2.34
1.87
1.84
1.99
1.99
1.97
0.56
0.45
0.28
0.24
0.37
1.89
1.87
2.04
2.04
2.01
0.54
0.42
0.23
0.19
0.33
5
2.39
2.23
2.25
2.18
2.34
1.77
1.74
1.93
1.88
1.91
0.62
0.49
0.32
0.30
0.43
1.78
1.77
1.98
1.93
1.94
0.61
0.46
0.27
0.25
0.40
6
2.21
2.15
1.97
2.00
2.15
1.60
1.67
1.65
1.70
1.69
0.61
0.48
0.32
0.30
0.46
1.62
1.70
1.69
1.75
1.72
0.59
0.45
0.28
0.25
0.43
7
2.35
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.26
1.82
1.67
1.79
1.85
1.84
0.53
0.44
0.31
0.28
0.42
1.84
1.69
1.84
1.90
1.87
0.51
0.42
0.26
0.23
0.40
Table V
Measured Values of Total Attenuation Coefficient c, Calculated Values of Absorption Coefficient a, and Scattering Coefficient b in Five Spectral Channels, 13 June 1977
Station
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
1
3.36
3.02
2.92
2.79
2.85
2.61
2.40
2.47
2.42
2.33
0.75
0.63
0.45
0.37
0.52
2.67
2.46
2.54
2.50
2.39
0.69
0.56
0.38
0.30
0.46
2
3.23
2.97
2.77
2.71
2.74
2.62
2.48
2.46
2.45
2.35
0.61
0.49
0.31
0.26
0.40
2.68
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.41
0.55
0.43
0.24
0.18
0.33
3
2.69
2.47
2.37
2.31
2.40
2.09
1.96
2.02
1.99
1.93
0.61
0.51
0.36
0.32
0.47
2.12
2.00
2.07
2.04
1.97
0.57
0.47
0.31
0.27
0.44
4
2.33
2.19
2.08
2.03
2.08
1.81
1.76
1.78
1.76
1.66
0.52
0.43
0.30
0.27
0.42
1.84
1.79
1.83
1.80
1.68
0.49
0.40
0.25
0.23
0.40
5
2.28
2.13
2.04
1.96
2.04
1.75
1.69
1.73
1.69
1.63
0.53
0.44
0.31
0.27
0.41
1.77
1.72
1.77
1.73
1.65
0.51
0.41
0.27
0.23
0.39
6
2.12
1.99
1.90
1.83
1.91
1.60
1.58
1.61
1.57
1.51
0.52
0.41
0.29
0.26
0.40
1.62
1.61
1.64
1.61
1.53
0.50
0.38
0.26
0.22
0.39
7
2.17
2.04
1.95
1.89
2.00
1.64
1.62
1.65
1.59
1.54
0.53
0.42
0.31
0.30
0.46
1.66
1.64
1.68
1.62
1.56
0.51
0.40
0.27
0.27
0.44
9
2.14
1.94
1.86
1.78
1.93
1.62
1.51
1.54
1.50
1.53
0.52
0.43
0.32
0.28
0.40
1.64
1.53
1.58
1.53
1.54
0.50
0.41
0.28
0.25
0.39
11
2.03
1.84
1.78
1.77
1.87
1.53
1.43
1.48
1.50
1.48
0.51
0.41
0.30
0.27
0.39
1.54
1.45
1.51
1.53
1.49
0.49
0.40
0.27
0.24
0.38
12
1.90
1.78
1.73
1.69
1.84
1.43
1.40
1.45
1.43
1.45
0.47
0.38
0.29
0.26
0.39
1.44
1.41
1.47
1.46
1.46
0.46
0.37
0.26
0.23
0.38
Table VI
Calculated Values of Backscatter Probability B (and Average Values of B and the Forwardscattering Probability F) in Five Spectral Channels Using the 17 May 1977 Data
Station
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Bave
Fave
1
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.018
0.013
0.015 ± 0.002
0.985 ± 0.002
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.012
0.014 ± 0.001
0.986 ± 0.001
2
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.009
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.011
0.008
0.010 ± 0.001
0.990 ± 0.001
3
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.012
0.016 ± 0.003
0.984 ± 0.003
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.011
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
4
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.016
0.012
0.015 ± 0.002
0.985 ± 0.002
0.013
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
5
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.011
0.015 ± 0.003
0.985 ± 0.003
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.014
0.010
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
6
0.023
0.024
0.028
0.026
0.018
0.024 ± 0.004
0.976 ± 0.004
0.022
0.022
0.023
0.021
0.017
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
7
0.011
0.013
0.015
0.013
0.008
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.011
0.007
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
Table VII
Calculated Values of Backscatter Probability B (and Average Values of B and the Forwardscattering Probability F) in Five Spectral Channels Using 3 June 1977 Data
Station
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Bave
Fave
1
0.030
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.027
0.033 ± 0.005
0.967 ± 0.005
0.027
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.023
0.027 ± 0.002
0.973 ± 0.002
2
0.023
0.025
0.029
0.028
0.023
0.026 ± 0.003
0.974 ± 0.003
0.020
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
0.020 ± 0.001
0.980 ± 0.001
3
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.013
0.018 ± 0.003
0.982 ± 0.003
0.016
0.017
0.016
0.017
0.012
0.016 ± 0.002
0.984 ± 0.002
4
0.014
0.017
0.018
0.018
0.012
0.016 ± 0.003
0.984 ± 0.003
0.014
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.011
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
5
0.012
0.014
0.015
0.015
0.010
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.010
0.012 ± 0.001
0.988 ± 0.001
6
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.009
0.013 ± 0.003
0.987 ± 0.003
0.013
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.009
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
7
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.014
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.013
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
9
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.014
0.008
0.013 ± 0.003
0.987 ± 0.003
0.012
0.014
0.014
0.012
0.007
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
11
0.011
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.008
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
0.011
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.008
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
12
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.008
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.010
0.011
0.010
0.011
0.007
0.010 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
Table VIII
Calculated Spectral Averages and Standard Deviations of Backscatter Probability B and Forwardscatter Probability F for May and June Dataa
Station
May
June
Bave
Fave
Bave
Fave
1
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.029 ± 0.004
0.971 ± 0.004
0.014 ± 0.001
0.986 ± 0.001
0.027 ± 0.002
0.973 ± 0.002
2
0.009 ± 0.002
0.991 ± 0.002
0.023 ± 0.003
0.977 ± 0.003
0.010 ± 0.001
0.990 ± 0.001
0.020 ± 0.001
0.980 ± 0.001
3
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.015 ± 0.003
0.985 ± 0.003
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.016 ± 0.002
0.984 ± 0.002
4
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
5
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.012 ± 0.001
0.989 ± 0.001
6
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
7
0.010 ± 0.003
0.990 ± 0.003
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
9
0.011 ± 0.003
0.989 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
11
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
12
0.009 ± 0.002
0.991 ± 0.002
0.010 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
The Monte Carlo entries reflect the use of the diffuse coefficients.
Tables (8)
Table I
Experimental Values of Diffuse Reflectance R(0) and Irradiance Attenuation K(0) in Five Spectral Channels Measured in Lake Ontario During May and June 1977
Station
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
17 May
1
0.013
0.017
0.028
0.033
0.017
0.68
0.57
0.39
0.36
0.52
2
0.0088
0.011
0.021
0.026
0.012
0.66
0.56
0.37
0.32
0.46
3
0.014
0.020
0.036
0.040
0.018
0.65
0.53
0.33
0.28
0.45
4
0.014
0.019
0.036
0.039
0.021
0.63
0.50
0.30
0.25
0.39
5
0.013
0.017
0.030
0.034
0.015
0.70
0.54
0.35
0.33
0.47
6
0.019
0.026
0.044
0.044
0.021
0.70
0.56
0.38
0.35
0.52
7
0.012
0.016
0.027
0.028
0.011
0.60
0.50
0.34
0.29
0.46
3 June
1
0.033
0.039
0.058
0.072
0.037
0.90
0.76
0.57
0.47
0.62
2
0.030
0.039
0.066
0.077
0.041
0.70
0.57
0.36
0.30
0.45
3
0.019
0.022
0.034
0.038
0.017
0.68
0.57
0.39
0.36
0.51
4
0.016
0.022
0.033
0.035
0.015
0.57
0.48
0.32
0.29
0.45
5
0.013
0.017
0.026
0.028
0.013
0.57
0.47
0.33
0.29
0.44
6
0.013
0.018
0.025
0.029
0.011
0.56
0.44
0.31
0.28
0.42
7
0.013
0.017
0.025
0.028
0.015
0.58
0.46
0.32
0.33
0.50
9
0.013
0.016
0.024
0.023
0.0092
0.57
0.47
0.34
0.30
0.43
11
0.011
0.015
0.022
0.023
0.0094
0.56
0.46
0.33
0.29
0.42
12
0.010
0.013
0.018
0.022
0.010
0.52
0.43
0.31
0.28
0.43
Table II
Calculated Values of Forwardscattering Probability F and Scattering Albedo ω0 in Five Spectral Channels Using the 17 May 1977 Data
Station
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
ω01
ω02
ω03
ω04
ω05
1
0.987
0.985
0.983
0.982
0.987
0.763
0.780
0.842
0.856
0.806
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.988
0.771
0.790
0.862
0.878
0.819
2
0.991
0.990
0.988
0.987
0.991
0.750
0.772
0.844
0.859
0.816
0.991
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.992
0.755
0.780
0.862
0.880
0.828
3
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.982
0.988
0.757
0.795
0.866
0.881
0.826
0.987
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.765
0.808
0.889
0.906
0.841
4
0.987
0.985
0.983
0.984
0.988
0.768
0.805
0.875
0.891
0.843
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.777
0.818
0.898
0.917
0.861
5
0.986
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.989
0.740
0.782
0.857
0.862
0.814
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.986
0.990
0.746
0.792
0.879
0.884
0.827
6
0.977
0.976
0.972
0.974
0.982
0.725
0.777
0.837
0.850
0.787
0.978
0.978
0.977
0.979
0.983
0.735
0.792
0.860
0.873
0.801
7
0.989
0.987
0.985
0.987
0.992
0.774
0.792
0.854
0.870
0.814
0.990
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.993
0.782
0.803
0.874
0.892
0.826
Table III
Calculated Values of Forwardscattering Probability F Scattering Albedo ω0 in Five Spectral Channels Using the 3 June 1977 Data
Station
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
ω01
ω02
ω03
ω04
ω05
1
0.970
0.967
0.964
0.961
0.973
0.778
0.794
0.845
0.867
0.818
0.973
0.972
0.972
0.972
0.978
0.795
0.814
0.871
0.894
0.838
2
0.977
0.975
0.972
0.972
0.977
0.811
0.835
0.888
0.905
0.856
0.980
0.979
0.980
0.981
0.982
0.829
0.857
0.915
0.933
0.879
3
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.980
0.987
0.775
0.794
0.850
0.860
0.806
0.984
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.988
0.787
0.808
0.872
0.882
0.819
4
0.986
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.988
0.778
0.802
0.856
0.865
0.798
0.986
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.788
0.817
0.878
0.888
0.809
5
0.988
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.990
0.769
0.795
0.849
0.860
0.800
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.990
0.777
0.807
0.869
0.881
0.817
6
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.991
0.757
0.796
0.846
0.857
0.791
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.991
0.764
0.808
0.865
0.878
0.801
7
0.987
0.986
0.986
0.983
0.986
0.756
0.792
0.844
0.840
0.770
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.985
0.987
0.763
0.804
0.863
0.859
0.779
9
0.987
0.986
0.984
0.986
0.993
0.759
0.779
0.830
0.843
0.791
0.988
0.986
0.986
0.988
0.993
0.767
0.790
0.848
0.862
0.799
11
0.989
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.992
0.751
0.775
0.830
0.846
0.790
0.989
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.992
0.757
0.785
0.846
0.865
0.798
12
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.987
0.993
0.754
0.785
0.835
0.847
0.787
0.990
0.989
0.990
0.989
0.993
0.759
0.795
0.851
0.864
0.794
Table IV
Measured Values of Total Attenuation Coefficient c, Calculated Values of Absorption Coefficient a, and Scattering Coefficient b in Five Spectral Channels, 17 May 1977
Station
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
1
2.58
2.31
2.26
2.29
2.45
1.97
1.80
1.90
1.96
1.98
0.61
0.51
0.36
0.33
0.47
1.99
1.83
1.95
2.01
2.01
0.59
0.48
0.31
0.28
0.44
2
2.40
2.24
2.24
2.18
2.35
1.80
1.73
1.89
1.87
1.92
0.60
0.51
0.35
0.31
0.43
1.81
1.75
1.93
1.92
1.95
0.59
0.49
0.31
0.26
0.40
3
2.41
2.31
2.27
2.26
2.37
1.82
1.84
1.97
1.99
1.96
0.59
0.47
0.31
0.27
0.41
1.84
1.87
2.02
2.05
1.99
0.57
0.44
0.25
0.21
0.38
4
2.43
2.29
2.27
2.23
2.34
1.87
1.84
1.99
1.99
1.97
0.56
0.45
0.28
0.24
0.37
1.89
1.87
2.04
2.04
2.01
0.54
0.42
0.23
0.19
0.33
5
2.39
2.23
2.25
2.18
2.34
1.77
1.74
1.93
1.88
1.91
0.62
0.49
0.32
0.30
0.43
1.78
1.77
1.98
1.93
1.94
0.61
0.46
0.27
0.25
0.40
6
2.21
2.15
1.97
2.00
2.15
1.60
1.67
1.65
1.70
1.69
0.61
0.48
0.32
0.30
0.46
1.62
1.70
1.69
1.75
1.72
0.59
0.45
0.28
0.25
0.43
7
2.35
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.26
1.82
1.67
1.79
1.85
1.84
0.53
0.44
0.31
0.28
0.42
1.84
1.69
1.84
1.90
1.87
0.51
0.42
0.26
0.23
0.40
Table V
Measured Values of Total Attenuation Coefficient c, Calculated Values of Absorption Coefficient a, and Scattering Coefficient b in Five Spectral Channels, 13 June 1977
Station
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
1
3.36
3.02
2.92
2.79
2.85
2.61
2.40
2.47
2.42
2.33
0.75
0.63
0.45
0.37
0.52
2.67
2.46
2.54
2.50
2.39
0.69
0.56
0.38
0.30
0.46
2
3.23
2.97
2.77
2.71
2.74
2.62
2.48
2.46
2.45
2.35
0.61
0.49
0.31
0.26
0.40
2.68
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.41
0.55
0.43
0.24
0.18
0.33
3
2.69
2.47
2.37
2.31
2.40
2.09
1.96
2.02
1.99
1.93
0.61
0.51
0.36
0.32
0.47
2.12
2.00
2.07
2.04
1.97
0.57
0.47
0.31
0.27
0.44
4
2.33
2.19
2.08
2.03
2.08
1.81
1.76
1.78
1.76
1.66
0.52
0.43
0.30
0.27
0.42
1.84
1.79
1.83
1.80
1.68
0.49
0.40
0.25
0.23
0.40
5
2.28
2.13
2.04
1.96
2.04
1.75
1.69
1.73
1.69
1.63
0.53
0.44
0.31
0.27
0.41
1.77
1.72
1.77
1.73
1.65
0.51
0.41
0.27
0.23
0.39
6
2.12
1.99
1.90
1.83
1.91
1.60
1.58
1.61
1.57
1.51
0.52
0.41
0.29
0.26
0.40
1.62
1.61
1.64
1.61
1.53
0.50
0.38
0.26
0.22
0.39
7
2.17
2.04
1.95
1.89
2.00
1.64
1.62
1.65
1.59
1.54
0.53
0.42
0.31
0.30
0.46
1.66
1.64
1.68
1.62
1.56
0.51
0.40
0.27
0.27
0.44
9
2.14
1.94
1.86
1.78
1.93
1.62
1.51
1.54
1.50
1.53
0.52
0.43
0.32
0.28
0.40
1.64
1.53
1.58
1.53
1.54
0.50
0.41
0.28
0.25
0.39
11
2.03
1.84
1.78
1.77
1.87
1.53
1.43
1.48
1.50
1.48
0.51
0.41
0.30
0.27
0.39
1.54
1.45
1.51
1.53
1.49
0.49
0.40
0.27
0.24
0.38
12
1.90
1.78
1.73
1.69
1.84
1.43
1.40
1.45
1.43
1.45
0.47
0.38
0.29
0.26
0.39
1.44
1.41
1.47
1.46
1.46
0.46
0.37
0.26
0.23
0.38
Table VI
Calculated Values of Backscatter Probability B (and Average Values of B and the Forwardscattering Probability F) in Five Spectral Channels Using the 17 May 1977 Data
Station
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Bave
Fave
1
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.018
0.013
0.015 ± 0.002
0.985 ± 0.002
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.012
0.014 ± 0.001
0.986 ± 0.001
2
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.009
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.011
0.008
0.010 ± 0.001
0.990 ± 0.001
3
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.012
0.016 ± 0.003
0.984 ± 0.003
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.011
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
4
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.016
0.012
0.015 ± 0.002
0.985 ± 0.002
0.013
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
5
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.011
0.015 ± 0.003
0.985 ± 0.003
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.014
0.010
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
6
0.023
0.024
0.028
0.026
0.018
0.024 ± 0.004
0.976 ± 0.004
0.022
0.022
0.023
0.021
0.017
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
7
0.011
0.013
0.015
0.013
0.008
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.011
0.007
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
Table VII
Calculated Values of Backscatter Probability B (and Average Values of B and the Forwardscattering Probability F) in Five Spectral Channels Using 3 June 1977 Data
Station
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Bave
Fave
1
0.030
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.027
0.033 ± 0.005
0.967 ± 0.005
0.027
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.023
0.027 ± 0.002
0.973 ± 0.002
2
0.023
0.025
0.029
0.028
0.023
0.026 ± 0.003
0.974 ± 0.003
0.020
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
0.020 ± 0.001
0.980 ± 0.001
3
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.013
0.018 ± 0.003
0.982 ± 0.003
0.016
0.017
0.016
0.017
0.012
0.016 ± 0.002
0.984 ± 0.002
4
0.014
0.017
0.018
0.018
0.012
0.016 ± 0.003
0.984 ± 0.003
0.014
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.011
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
5
0.012
0.014
0.015
0.015
0.010
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.010
0.012 ± 0.001
0.988 ± 0.001
6
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.009
0.013 ± 0.003
0.987 ± 0.003
0.013
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.009
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
7
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.014
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.013
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
9
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.014
0.008
0.013 ± 0.003
0.987 ± 0.003
0.012
0.014
0.014
0.012
0.007
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
11
0.011
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.008
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
0.011
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.008
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
12
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.008
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.010
0.011
0.010
0.011
0.007
0.010 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
Table VIII
Calculated Spectral Averages and Standard Deviations of Backscatter Probability B and Forwardscatter Probability F for May and June Dataa
Station
May
June
Bave
Fave
Bave
Fave
1
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.029 ± 0.004
0.971 ± 0.004
0.014 ± 0.001
0.986 ± 0.001
0.027 ± 0.002
0.973 ± 0.002
2
0.009 ± 0.002
0.991 ± 0.002
0.023 ± 0.003
0.977 ± 0.003
0.010 ± 0.001
0.990 ± 0.001
0.020 ± 0.001
0.980 ± 0.001
3
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.015 ± 0.003
0.985 ± 0.003
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.016 ± 0.002
0.984 ± 0.002
4
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
0.014 ± 0.002
0.986 ± 0.002
5
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.012 ± 0.001
0.989 ± 0.001
6
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
0.021 ± 0.003
0.979 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.002
0.988 ± 0.002
7
0.010 ± 0.003
0.990 ± 0.003
0.013 ± 0.002
0.987 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
0.013 ± 0.001
0.987 ± 0.001
9
0.011 ± 0.003
0.989 ± 0.003
0.012 ± 0.003
0.988 ± 0.003
11
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
0.011 ± 0.002
0.989 ± 0.002
12
0.009 ± 0.002
0.991 ± 0.002
0.010 ± 0.002
0.990 ± 0.002
The Monte Carlo entries reflect the use of the diffuse coefficients.